Economic Assessment of Sanitation Interventions in Vietnam - WSP

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List of FiguresFigure 1. Percentage of households with a latrine, by ecological region .......................................... 2Figure 2. Types of toilet in households where construction, operation and maintenancestandards are met............................................................................................................ 3Figure 3. Flow of data collected (inputs) and eventual cost-benefit assessments (outputs) .............. 8Figure 4. Representation of the sanitation “ladder“ ........................................................................ 10Figure 5. Options for household wastewater management ............................................................ 11Figure 6. Options for improved solid waste management............................................................... 11Figure 7. Locations of the Vietnam Study surveyed sites ............................................................... 15Figure 8. Overview of methods for estimating field-level benefits of improved sanitation ................ 20Figure 9. Comparison of health status between selected study sites (cases) ................................. 35Figure 10. The relative risk reduction associated with fecal–oral and helminth-related diseasesfrom different sanitation improvement scenarios.............................................................. 41Figure 11. Health costs averted by improved sanitation options ...................................................... 41Figure 12. Map of typical rural area (R7, Lai Xa village, Hanoi sub-urban) with sampling pointsfor water quality analysis ................................................................................................. 43Figure 13. Pathogenic parameters of surface water quality, rural sites (R1 to R9) ............................. 44Figure 14. Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)parameters of surface water quality, rural sites (R1 to R9) ............................................... 44Figure 15. Extent of isolation of human excreta at urban field sites (%) ............................................ 45Figure 16. Extent of isolation of human excreta at rural field sites (%) .............................................. 46Figure 17. Average water access (%) in all surveyed sites ................................................................ 47Figure 18. Average monthly water treatment cost (VND) in all surveyed sites.................................... 48Figure 19. Reasons cited for using water sources – rural versus urban (%)....................................... 49Figure 20. Household water treatment practices (%) ....................................................................... 49Figure 21. Average household water treatment costs, by method and urban/rural location(VND/m 3 , 2008) .............................................................................................................. 50Figure 22. Level of satisfaction of households with improved and unimproved toilets........................ 55Figure 23. Reasons to get a toilet for those currently without one .................................................... 56Figure 24. Concerns of those practicing open defecation (% of respondents) .................................. 57Figure 25. How people dispose of organic waste (% of respondents) .............................................. 58Figure 26. How people dispose of solid (inorganic) waste (% of respondents).................................. 58Figure 27. Animal excreta around the living area (% of respondents)................................................. 59Figure 28. Proportion of households with improved toilet but unimproved sanitation practices (%) .. 59Figure 29. Open defecation practice by location of field site (% of respondents) .............................. 60Figure 30. Perceptions of the state of environmental sanitation, by option type ............................... 61Figure 31. Importance of environmental sanitation state, by option type........................................... 62Figure 32. SWM practices and perceptions (from household interviews) .......................................... 63Figure 33. Householder views on whether government should make SWM a priority (%).................. 64xxviiiEconomic Assessment of Sanitation Interventions
Figure 34. What factors were of most concern? (three responses per respondent) .......................... 69Figure 35. Causes of tourists’ catching diarrhea, perceived by respondent ...................................... 69Figure 36. Tourists’ intention to return to Vietnam ............................................................................ 69Figure 37. Reasons for tourists’ hesitancy to return to Vietnam ....................................................... 69Figure 38. Importance of environmental sanitation conditions for locating the company................... 71Figure 39. Proportion of urban households selecting different sanitation options (%)........................ 79Figure 40. Proportion of rural households selecting different sanitation options (%)........................... 80Figure 41. Total cost per urban household for major items (VND) ..................................................... 81Figure 42. Total cost per rural household for major items (VND) ....................................................... 82Figure 43. Proportion of total (economic) costs that are financial, across all urban field sites (%) ...... 83Figure 44. Proportion of total (economic) costs that are financial, across all rural field sites (%)......... 83Figure 45. Proportion of urban sanitation costs financed from different sources (%).......................... 84Figure 46. Proportion of rural sanitation costs financed from different sources (%)............................ 84Figure 47. Proportion of rural households selecting different sanitation options, by asset quintile...... 85Figure 48. Incremental costs of moving up the sanitation ladder, at urban sites (perhousehold, VND, 2009) .................................................................................................. 87Figure 49. Incremental costs of moving up the sanitation ladder, at rural sites (VND, 2009) ............. 87Figure 50. Summary of average benefit-cost ratios in urban sites, sanitation versus sanitationwith hygiene ................................................................................................................... 94Figure 51. Summary of average cost-benefit ratios at rural sites, sanitation versus sanitationwith hygiene ................................................................................................................... 96Figure 52. Economic performance moving up the sanitation ladder (urban) .................................... 97Figure 53. Economic performance moving up the sanitation ladder (rural) ....................................... 98Figure 54. Benefit-cost ratios for all survey sites in urban and rural areas ........................................ 100Figure 55. Benefit-cost ratios for solid waste management improvement projects .......................... 101Figure 56. Change in sanitation practices in project beneficiary towns............................................. 115Figure 57. Reduction of waterborne disease frequency in Lai Xa between 2001 and 2006.............. 123www.wsp.orgxxix
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Page 17: ForewordTarget 10 of the Millennium
Page 22 and 23: Glossary of TermsBenefit-cost ratio
Page 24 and 25: AcknowledgmentsThe Economics of San
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VI.Costs of Improved Sanitationand
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ReferencesAcharya A, Paunio MK and
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ANNEX 1: PROGRAM APPROACH ANALYSIST
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ANNEX TABLESANNEX A. STUDY METHODST
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