Economic Assessment of Sanitation Interventions in Vietnam - WSP

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VII.Sanitation Program Designand Scaling Up7.1 OVERVIEW OF PROGRAMS AT FIELDSITESThis chapter considers projects more widely, beyond thesingle sites of the ESI field work. Table 49 lists the projectsand programs analyzed, and their approaches and activities.Five urban sanitation projects are analyzed that representthree different regions: the northern region (Three Citiesproject, WSPST); the central region (Tam Ky project,Buon Ma Thuot project); and the southern region (ThreeDelta Towns project). The cities affected by the projectsbelong to different urban categories, from the 1st category(Hai Phong, Da Nang) to the 4th and 5th category (SmallTowns program). The projects also target different beneficiariesincluding: the urban poor (Tam Ky); communitiesin mountainous areas (Small Towns program); tourismareas (Bai Chay, Ha Long city). The Three Delta Townproject provided an integrated program of support for theimprovement of water supply, drainage and householdtoilets, as well as capacity building for local water supplyand sanitation service providers. The Tam Key project includedsimilar infrastructure improvement. The Bai Chay,Ha Long and Buon Ma Thuot projects aimed to improvesewerage and drainage systems with centralized wastewatercollection and treatment. Bai Chay focused on the primaryand secondary sewerage and drainage network, and endof-pipewastewater treatment plant. Buon Ma Thuot was apilot project implementing small-bore sewerage and without-septic-tankhousehold connection followed by low-costwastewater treatment in ponds and reuse. A solid wastemanagement component was included only in the ThreeCities project. Support for some projects came from loansfrom international financiers (World Bank, ADB). Otherswere provided with grants or loans from foreign countries(Australia, Finland, and Denmark).Rural sanitation projects were implemented in the NorthernPeri-urban (Lai Xa, Hanoi), Rural Central (Quang Nam,Quang Ngai) and Rural Southern regions (Vinh Long, CuuLong delta). These projects were supported by bilateral agencies(Australia), and international NGOs (Plan International,YWAM, and IDE). The integration of soft interventions andhousehold toilet improvement support was a common approachof the projects analyzed, except the project of IDE inQuang Nam, where a soft sanitation marketing interventionwas adopted. The only cluster wastewater management wasapplied in a community-based sanitation project in Lai Xa.This chapter also analyzes a biogas program, which is beingimplemented throughout most provinces in Vietnamby SNV and the Vietnamese Government. The programprovides technical input and seed financial support at thehousehold scale, and also includes a biogas project implementedby a pig farm owner’s initiative.Three different solid waste management projects are analyzed.One is the 3R initiative in some pilot wards in Hanoicity, funded by the Japanese Government. The other is asolid waste management project for the small tourism townof Cua Lo, Nghe An province, funded by the Danish Government,where the management model of a Joint StockCompany for solid waste service has been supported. Thelast project is an initiative by a local cooperative trying tobuild its capacity for a solid waste collection and disposalservice for the rural community in a mountainous area ofNorthern Vietnam.The conduct of a robust program approach analysis (PAA)was severely constrained by a lack of available input datafrom the programs evaluated, which limited the number ofprograms that could be included in the study. The results ofthe analysis are interpreted taking into account setting-specificconditions that are partially responsible for the performanceresults; hence findings are not definitive, but insteadillustrative and instructive.88Economic Assessment of Sanitation Interventions
Economic Assessment of Sanitation Interventions in Vietnam | Sanitation Program Design and Scaling UpTABLE 49: LIST OF PROGRAMS AND PROJECTS ANALYZED1 Urban sanitation projectsa Three Delta Towns Water Supply and Sanitation Projectb Expanding benefits for the poor through urban environmental improvements in Tam Ky cityc Three Cities sanitation project (Hai Phong, Da Nang, Ha Long)d Environmental sanitation project for Buon Ma Thuot citye Water supply and sanitation for a small towns program (WSPST)2 Rural sanitation projectsa Cuu Long Delta RWS Projectb Sanitation, Hygiene and Water Improvement Project (SHWIP) in Quang Ngai provincec Sanitation marketing project in Binh Trieu commune, Thang Binh district, Quang Nam provinced Community-based sanitation in Lai Xa village, Kim Chung commune, Hoai Duc district, Hanoi3 Biogas digester promotion projectsa The Vietnam Biogas Programmeb Biogas for a pig farm in Thieu Duong commune, Thieu Hoa district, Thanh Hoa province4 Solid waste management improvement projectsa Implementation support for 3R Initiative in pilot wards of Hanoi cityb Solid waste management improvement project in Cua Lo town, Nghe An provincec Solid waste management improvement in a Duc Thang commune, Hiep Hoa district, Bac Giang province7.2 KEY FINDINGS OF THE PROGRAMAPPROACH ANALYSISA detailed assessment of each project is provided in Annex1. This section provides a summary of lessons learned.7.2.1 URBAN SANITATION PROJECTSIn most projects, the challenges faced relate to: technologicaloption selection; the quality of design and construction;consultant competency; administrative appraisal procedures;low rates of household connection; financial sustainability;and local capacity for operation and maintenance(O&M), monitoring, evaluation and control in the projectdefinition stages.Most urban sanitation projects are associated with externalsupport. Over 80% of urban sanitation funding comesfrom official development assistance (ODA) contributions(World Bank, 2006).A systematic and comprehensive approach for project formulation,management, implementation and evaluation isnecessary to ensure the project success and sustainability,where the following elements are crucial: (a) during investmentstudies–socio-economic survey, and studies on willingnessto pay and commitment to connect to sewerage;(b) activities accompanying infrastructure developmentcapacitybuilding, human resource development strategy,management model and financial structure, awareness-raisingprograms, evaluation of different technological options;and (c) project monitoring and evaluation.A range of sanitation approaches and technologies mustbe considered while a project is under development. Localaspects to be considered include low-incomes, topographicaland other natural features, and other socio-economicalconditions. Some initial options to be considered are:combined sewerage and drainage versus a separate system;centralized versus decentralized sanitation schemes; conventionalversus high-tech or low-cost technological options;or a combination of these. The proper collection,treatment and disposal of sludge from septic tanks needsspecial attention in Vietnam. Also, urban environmentalsanitation projects commonly do not include tertiarytreatment of sewage and providing a drainage network forstormwater. An appropriate technical solution for a combinedsewerage and drainage network should be developedin order to avoid untreated wastewater from sewers. Lessonsfrom the first implemented systems should be studiedwww.wsp.org89
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Economic Assessment ofSanitation In
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Economic Assessment of Sanitation I
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ForewordTarget 10 of the Millennium
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Glossary of TermsBenefit-cost ratio
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AcknowledgmentsThe Economics of San
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V. National Benefits of Improved Sa
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Table 32. Sanitation coverage, and
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Figure 34. What factors were of mos
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Annex Table E1. Level of satisfacti
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Annex Table J1. Site U1 (Dong Thap,
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PopulationSelected Development Indi
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III.Study MethodsThe study methodol
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IV.Local Benefits of Improved Sanit
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