Economic Assessment of Sanitation Interventions in Vietnam - WSP

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Economic Assessment of Sanitation Interventions in Vietnam | National Benefits of Improved Sanitation and HygieneThe market for recyclables (the outputs from solid waste)has a large potential for expansion. Some 32% (or 2.1 milliontons per year) of municipal waste is currently placedin disposal sites in urban areas in Vietnam. This consistsof commercially recyclable materials such as paper, plastic,metal and glass. This additional recycling could result in asubstantial reduction in disposal costs and allow the sectorto earn considerable additional revenue.Composting also has high potential in Vietnam, as there isa high proportion of organic matter in municipal wastes.Composting can result in a reduction in disposal costs andthe production of a marketable soil conditioner for use inagriculture and home gardening. With the developmentof a strong market for composting fertilizer and successfulsource separation, the effectiveness of centralized compostingfacilities could increase considerably. Composting canalso reduce landfill gas emission, which can result in revenuefor the country from selling carbon credits under theClean Development Mechanism (see above).Another aspect of the sanitation market is that activitiesin the sanitation sector could create jobs, develop businessand contribute a significant input to the government’s plansfor industrialization and economic modernization. Accordingto the author’s estimation, Vietnam will need to investbetween US$4 and US16 billion in the sanitation sectorto achieve 100% sanitation coverage in all urban and ruralareas (Viet-Anh Nguyen, 2007). Such a wide range ofrequired capital shows a difference between the sanitationoptions applied. The environmental industry in Vietnam isstill at an immature stage of development. More than 90%of equipment for water and wastewater engineering systemsis still imported. There are numerous opportunities for localenterprises to find a position in this potential market,including in the manufacture of pumps, pipelines, otherequipment for water and wastewater systems, pre-fabricatedwater and wastewater treatment packages, automatizationand control systems and devices, and in supportingthe operation and maintenance of engineering equipment,spare parts and other products.There is also a great potential sanitation market forsmall local enterprises in low-income areas. From 2003to 2006, a rural pilot project was conducted in Vietnamwith technical support from the non-governmental organization(NGO) International Development Enterprises(IDE) and funding from Danish International DevelopmentAssistance (DANIDA). The project tested whether asanitation marketing approach could improve rural accessto sanitary toilets in 30 communes in six districts of thecoastal central provinces of Thanh Hoa and Quang Nam.The project trained promotion teams consisting of localhealth workers, VWU leaders and village heads, as wellas small providers (shopkeepers, producers and masons).These teams, in turn, promoted sanitary toilets and helpedhouseholds to build the type of toilets they wanted andcould afford. After 3.5 years, over 15,000 households inthe pilot area had gained access to a sanitary toilet out of32,000 households targeted. This number was 2.5 timesthe increase achieved under a conventional sanitation programconducted in the three preceding years. Average accessgrew from 16% to 46%.Three years after the end of the pilot sanitation marketingprogram, WSP contracted a team to carry out a case studyto investigate the sustainability of the rural sanitation marketingapproach. The findings have shown that sanitationefforts were continuing in the community, and sanitationmarketing has enabled men who worked part-time in sanitationto move out of the agriculture and fishery sectors andobtain better jobs with more career prospects in small-scaleenterprises. Thus, rural sanitation marketing has contributedto Vietnam’s policy and strategy for rural poverty reduction,albeit without a specific strategy for gender equityin the capacity development of the providers. However, inthe long term, the approach used in the pilot study may notbe sustained and expanded without further advocacy for asupportive political and administrative environment, institutionalizedcapacity building for promoters and providers,more regular consumer studies, further development ofpromotional materials and communication channels, andthe design and testing of a specific strategy enabling thepoor to install unsubsidized sanitary toilets (Sijbesma C. etal, 2010). These findings serve as important recommendationsfor future efforts in the sector.Box 5 presents a new integrated waste management andresource recovery concept in urban areas proposed by aJoint Vietnam/Germany Research Project: Semi-centralized74Economic Assessment of Sanitation Interventions
Economic Assessment of Sanitation Interventions in Vietnam | National Benefits of Improved Sanitation and Hygienewaste management for Vietnamese cities – a Hanoi casestudy (Semi-san project, IESE – TUD). It shows that one ofthe most sustainable models for urban waste managementand resource recovery is to apply an integrated waste managementconcept including centralized or semi-centralizedwaste collection and treatment systems. The integrated systemmay include at-source separation of waste, co-treatmentof sludge, organic waste and sewage treatment plant sludgefor resource recovery through biogas generation, wastewaterreclamation, and digested sludge utilization. Utilization ofthe same urban engineering infrastructure such as wastewatertreatment plants helps to reduce investment and operationcosts significantly where resource recovery brings morebenefits. Furthermore, a public/private partnership (PPP)model is a potential option for overcoming big investmentcapital challenges.BOX 5. INTEGRATED WASTE MANAGEMENT AND RESOURCE RECOVERY IN URBAN AREAS – PROPOSALBY A SEMI-SAN PROJECT (IESE – TUD)To combat the increasing problem of waste, environmental pollution and public health, new solutions are needed.This project by the Institute of Environmental Science and Engineering (IESE), Hanoi University of Civil Engineering,Vietnam and Technical University of Darmstadt (TUD), Germany (2008 – 2010) is proposing a new wastemanagement model in order to enable resource recovery at scale. The main idea is integrated treatment of thedifferent waste fractions: septic tank sludge, sludge from future wastewater treatment plants, and organic waste.The anaerobic digestions system can accept amounts of organic solids and human waste from the cities. Mesophylicdigestion by anaerobic microorganisms (at 35 – 37 o C) and thermophilic digestion (at 55 o C) can be applied.The produced biogas caters for an energy self-sufficient operation of the plants. The digested sludge (residue) isfurther treated and utilized for hygienically safe fertilizer to improve soil quality, because it contains rich nutrientsand organic fibers ideal for plants. Once a sewage network is established in the area, the operation scheme of theanaerobic digestion system is changed to accept sludge produced from the wastewater treatment plants. Thusthe existing infrastructure can be continuously used without major additional modification, which saves significantexpenditure by the municipality.Taking into account the limited space in urban districts, the locations for integrated waste management stationsare proposed at the locations planned for construction of the wastewater treatment plants. The advantages of thissolution are:- Economical use of land, engineering system and manpower thanks to a combination of treatment ofdifferent waste flows at the same stations.- Minimization of transportation of sludge generated in future from the wastewater treatment plant to thewaste treatment and resource recovery systems. The latest designs can be now constructed at the siteof the wastewater treatment plant.- Co-treatment of the organic fraction of waste and sludge collected from septic tanks and wastewatertreatment plants will enhance the biogas generation from the anaerobic digesters from which morebiogas would be collected for electricity production. Biogas generated will exceed the electricity needfor self-supply of the station, which can be sold to the city’s energy supply system.- Sludge from anaerobic digesters will be further dewatered and composted for safe fertilizer, or driedbefore it will be used for burning to produce energy. The co-treatment will minimize transportation andother treatment expenses. In case of thermophilic digestion of the fractions (at 55°C) and drying, thedigested sludge can be directly used as hygienically safe fertilizer.- Treatment wastewater will be sent back for use by the city, including in the irrigation of green spacesand recharging to the groundwater. Close recycling of wastewater would reduce significantly theconstruction and O&M costs of the sewerage network.(Source: Semi-San project, 2010)www.wsp.org75
Page 3:
Economic Assessment ofSanitation In
Page 9:
Economic Assessment of Sanitation I
Page 12 and 13:
Page 14 and 15:
Page 17:
ForewordTarget 10 of the Millennium
Page 22 and 23:
Glossary of TermsBenefit-cost ratio
Page 24 and 25:
AcknowledgmentsThe Economics of San
Page 27 and 28:
V. National Benefits of Improved Sa
Page 29 and 30:
Table 32. Sanitation coverage, and
Page 31:
Figure 34. What factors were of mos
Page 34 and 35:
Annex Table E1. Level of satisfacti
Page 36 and 37:
Annex Table J1. Site U1 (Dong Thap,
Page 38 and 39:
PopulationSelected Development Indi
Page 40 and 41:
Page 42 and 43:
Page 44 and 45:
Page 46 and 47:
III.Study MethodsThe study methodol
Page 48 and 49:
Page 50 and 51:
Page 52 and 53:
Page 54 and 55:
Page 56 and 57:
Page 58 and 59:
Page 60:
Page 64 and 65: Economic Assessment of Sanitation I
Page 70 and 71: IV.Local Benefits of Improved Sanit
Page 111: Economic Assessment of Sanitation I
Page 117 and 118: VI.Costs of Improved Sanitationand
Page 127: Economic Assessment of Sanitation I
Page 149 and 150: ReferencesAcharya A, Paunio MK and
Page 152 and 153: ANNEX 1: PROGRAM APPROACH ANALYSIST
Page 162 and 163:
Page 164 and 165:
Page 166 and 167:
ANNEX TABLESANNEX A. STUDY METHODST
Page 168 and 169:
Page 170 and 171:
Page 172 and 173:
Page 174 and 175:
Page 176 and 177:
Page 178 and 179:
Page 180 and 181:
Page 182 and 183:
Page 184 and 185:
Page 187 and 188:
Page 189 and 190:
Page 191 and 192:
Page 193 and 194:
Page 195 and 196:
Page 197 and 198:
Page 199 and 200:
Page 201 and 202:
Page 203 and 204:
Page 205 and 206:
Page 207 and 208:
Page 209 and 210:
Page 211 and 212:
Page 213 and 214:
Page 215 and 216:
Page 217 and 218:
Page 219:
Page 222 and 223:
Page 224 and 225:
Page 226 and 227:
Page 228 and 229:
Page 230 and 231:
Page 232 and 233:
Page 234 and 235:
Page 236 and 237:
Page 238 and 239:
Page 240 and 241:
Page 242 and 243:
Page 244 and 245:
Page 246 and 247:
Page 248 and 249:
Page 250 and 251:
Page 252 and 253:
Page 254:
Page 257 and 258:
Page 259 and 260:
show all

Economic Assessment of Sanitation Interventions in Vietnam - WSP

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?