Economic Assessment of Sanitation Interventions in Vietnam - WSP

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Economic Assessment of Sanitation Interventions in Vietnam | Costs of Improved Sanitation and HygieneFIGURE 40: PROPORTION OF OF RURAL HOUSEHOLDS SELECTING DIFFERENT SANITATION OPTIONS (%)Hue (R9)Thanh Hoa (R8)Lai Xa (R7)Quang Nam (R5)Dan Phuong (R4)Quang Ngai (R3)Vinh Long (R2)Dong Nai (R1)0 20 40 60 80 100PercentageOpen defecationNot isolated wet pit latrinePartial isolation septic tankPartial isolation DVCL + untreated greywaterPartial isolation w/w managementPartial isolation biogas digester806.2 COST SUMMARIESTable 47 presents the costs of all sanitation options consideredat the surveyed sites – urban and rural. It shows the averagecost of all 12 sites, where the sanitation improvementinterventions were: household toilet improvement; sewerageand drainage improvement; community centralizedwastewater treatment; and hygiene activities. The costs ofthe biogas project at a big pig farm in Thanh Hoa were notincluded. Solid waste improvement projects are describedseparately in Chapter 8.4.In rural areas, the highest investment costs are associatedwith biogas digester construction, and with communitywastewater collection and treatment systems. In urban areas,the costs for centralized wastewater treatment systemswere highest. The values of one-off spending urban centralizedwastewater systems were VND14,924,000 per household.In rural areas, these values were VND10,836,000per household for biogas digester construction andVND8,972,000 per household for cluster wastewater management.Average investment costs for a septic tank wereVND4,985,000 and VND5,037,000 per household inurban and rural areas, respectively. The investment cost ofseptic tanks often includes expenses for sanitary ware andsuperstructure upgrading. The investment cost of ruralcomposting double-vault toilets was VND3,053,000 perhousehold, including superstructure, which is often madefrom local materials. The lowest investment costs were associatedwith pit latrines. The average urban pit latrine investmentcost per household was VND1,613,000. The value ofa rural pit latrine was VND1,746,000 per household.Urban wastewater management systems (VND1,174,000per household) incur the highest annual recurrent costs,including program costs. In all cases, the cost of programEconomic Assessment of Sanitation Interventions
Economic Assessment of Sanitation Interventions in Vietnam | Costs of Improved Sanitation and Hygieneactivities for on-site sanitation systems was zero. Operationand maintenance costs for all on-site sanitation systems, exceptpit latrines, in urban and rural areas were similar, rangingfrom VND258,000 to VND398,000 per household.Pit latrines require less annual operation and maintenancecosts (VND182,000 in urban areas, VND144,000 in ruralareas). Sludge handling accounted for the major recurrentcost of on-site sanitation systems.TABLE 47: SUMMARY OF AVERAGE COST PER HOUSEHOLD FOR DIFFERENT SANITATION AND HYGIENE OPTIONS, USING FULL(ECONOMIC) COST (VND ‘000, 2009)SanitationoptionsUrban wetpit latrine 1Urbanseptictank 1UrbancentralizedWWT 1Rural wetpit latrine 1Ruralseptictank 1Ruralcluster w/wtreatment 1Ruraldouble-vaultComposting 1Ruralbiogasdigester 1INVESTMENT COSTS: INITIAL ONE-OFF SPENDING1. Capital 1,584 4,920 11,970 1,706 4,872 8,567 2,914 10,4162. Program 29 65 2,954 40 165 406 139 420SUB-TOTAL 1,613 4,985 14,924 1,746 5,037 8,972 3,053 10,836RECURRENT COSTS: AVERAGE ANNUAL SPENDING1. Operation 98 198 703 69 148 52 120 2022. Maintenance 84 200 403 61 93 232 150 1963. Program 0 0 69 14 17 0 50 0SUB-TOTAL 182 398 1,174 144 258 284 320 398AVERAGE ANNUAL COST CALCULATIONSDuration 2 7 10 20 7 10 10 10 15Cost/household 366 766 1,323 357 677 1,088 520 950Cost/capita 96 202 349 94 179 287 137 251BREAKDOWN (%)% capital 62 64 45 68 72 79 56 73% program 1 1 11 2 2 4 3 3% recurrent 37 35 44 30 26 18 41 24Observations 3 29 246 201 82 501 97 125 591See Annex Tables A10 and A11 for sites contributing sanitation and hygiene option data.2Refers to length of life of hardware before full replacement.3Number of households surveyed.FIGURE 41: TOTAL COST PER URBAN HOUSEHOLD FOR MAJOR ITEMS (VND)Wet pit latrineSeptic tankCentralizedwastewatermanagementCapital (total)Program (total)0 2,000,000 4,000,000 6,000,000 8,000,000 10,000,000 12,000,000VNDRecurrentAverage annualwww.wsp.org81
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Economic Assessment ofSanitation In
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Economic Assessment of Sanitation I
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ForewordTarget 10 of the Millennium
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Glossary of TermsBenefit-cost ratio
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AcknowledgmentsThe Economics of San
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V. National Benefits of Improved Sa
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Table 32. Sanitation coverage, and
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Figure 34. What factors were of mos
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Annex Table E1. Level of satisfacti
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Annex Table J1. Site U1 (Dong Thap,
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PopulationSelected Development Indi
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III.Study MethodsThe study methodol
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