diced b Jos e S. Arc a, - non

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long quotations, not always from a positive viewpoint, from authors likeGaspar de San Agustin, Sinibaldo de Mas, Juan Francisco de San Antonio,M. Mallat, Joaquin M. de Zufliga, M. de la Gironi6re. Among this Englishwriter's negative judgments about life in the Philippines when he was visitingthe country, we could mention the following which are found more or lessverbatim in the Noli:The Indian and the cane grow together. (page 82)It has been said of the Indian that he is more of a quadruped than a biped. (page84)The governor-general is in Manila [far away]; the king is in Spain [farther still];and God is in heaven [farthest of all]. (page 200)A cockpit is described with details found in chapter 47 of Rizal's novel,and a procession also portrayed by Rizal.But more significant are Rizal's citations from San Agustin andSinibaldo de Mas whose ideas about the Philippines the novelist foundunacceptable. Rizal seems not to have read these authors' works themselves.But on 12 January 1886, he wrote, among other things, to Blumentritt: "Ourrace has its defects and vices, but not as Fr. Gaspar de San Agustin,Mr. Sinibaldo de Mas, Mr. Cafiamaque, Fr. Casimiro Herrero, and othersdescribe them." More than a year later, he will repeat the same idea to theAustrian anthropologist. And this explains why these authors are notaccidentally not mentioned in Noli. Most likely Rizal read Bowring's bookor Antonio Garcia's Mysteries of the Philippines (Madrid, 1858), wheresome of the most insulting paragraphs ever written about the Filipino havebeen included.11. Francisco Catiamaque. Recuerdos de Filipinas. I (Madrid: Libreriade Anllo y Rodriguez, 1877). II (Madrid: Libreria de Simon y Osier,Libreria de Juan Rodriguez, 1879)Francisco Caftamaque was born in Gaucin, Malaga in 1851, and was inthe Philippines in an official capacity, after which he published the volumeswe are discussing.He claimed to follow the radical liberalism of many politicians of histime and possessed an extraordinary facility to verbalize on paper hist,thoughts and feelings, with a sarcasm and irony Wenceslao E. Retana would'show later. Besides his almost blind adhesion to liberalism, Caftamaqueopenly showed himself a racist and anticlerical to an unmitigated degree.Without any embarrassment, for example, he says <strong>Jos</strong>e Montero y Vidal took93
the Philippines seriously, but not him, the exact opposite, because "the onlyserious things there are earthquakes and dysentery." Trinidad H. Pardo deTavera, his contemporary and well acquainted with the Manila situation,asserts that Cafiamaque "attacked the friars, made fun of Manila society,stated that the natives were monkeys, and censured the entire world." Hisbooks, consequently, "won the privilege of raising complaints from allsides,"'w a sign they were read. These books must have been as popular inManila as Bowring's.Like the students of his time, Rizal read Cafiamaque. Many of the latter'sstatements thoroughly disgusted him, but other assertions helped him to writewith ease and a good dose of sarcasm reminiscent of Voltaire.Two parts in Cafiamaque's works on the Philippines are clearlydistinguishable• the fictionalized narrative of his own Philippine experience,and his reflections on the problems facing the Spanish colony then. I shall adda list of Cafiamaque's chapters which seem to have their parallels in Rizal'snovel:Recuerdos de Filipinas. I:1. "The Night I Arrived"—a description of a meeting of the town rulers,the Spaniards (the friar, the commander of the Carabineers, the captain of theCivil Guard, etc.), which the author attended; bananas, boiled rice, tinola,gulag, etc. Rizal followed the same technique in the first chapter of the Noll.4. "The Filipinos' Modesty"—how a school functioned, among others.Rizal echoes this in chapter 19 of his book.5. "A Ball"— the gobernadorcillo of the town is submissive "as a dogloves the Spaniards more than the Filipinos," is deeply religious, offers a giftto the Virgin of his parish, serves mass, offers chocolate to the parish priest,etc. This is the picture of Capitan Tiago in chapter 6 of Noli.6. "The Filipino Theater"—a stage presentation of the popular Muslim-Christian battles in the Philippines, also included in Rizal's work.13. "The Religion of the Filipinos"—a severe criticism of Filipinoreligious attitudes characterized as superstitious: a narrative of a love affairbetween a native priest and the former town capitan's wife. These are notmissing in Noli, although the sacrilegious , love affair of the priest may havebecome the story of Fray Damaso and Capitan Tiago's wife.14. "Sloth and Neglect of the Filipinos"—two constant themes in Rizal.15. "What Is the Family in the Philippines?"—serious, by contrast.Catiamaque describes the Filipino family as an entity without feelings, but94
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diced b Jose S. Arc a,
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Copyright 1988 byPHOENIX PUBLISHING
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Third and Fourth Trials, 49Fifth Tr
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INTRODUCTIONA century is not long i
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Case: 07-15763 08/18/2010 Page: 9 o
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his country," and intent on writing
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On 25 October, the first Sunday aft
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fellow passengets.2 On 1 November h
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Simeone Angelo Felice Volonteri was
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charmed those Italian missionaries
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In this situation, Fr. Vigano faile
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Exposition to the Queen Regent by t
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We may suppose there was a special
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an Artillery Corporal 'named Taylo
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attleship which had captured it. An
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"founder," considering the above an
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frequently mixed up the names, plac
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the plea for an indult presented by
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In the same manner, a series of cur
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The lure of greater fortunes in the
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The troops that assaulted Fort San
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Octavo admitted having heard the ap
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which detailed the personal circums
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Filipino patriotism. If, on the oth
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Rizal was convinced of this. He had
Page 51 and 52: they sought to have them directly s
Page 53 and 54: scandalizing him and Raimondi perha
Page 55 and 56: oral examination to impose immediat
Page 57 and 58: permanent War Council, which senten
Page 59 and 60: Eleven of those found guilty were c
Page 61 and 62: Crisanto de los Reyes. Together wit
Page 63 and 64: imposed for these five cases, while
Page 65 and 66: interpreted according to the "spiri
Page 67 and 68: WHEN AND HOW THE NOLI WAS WRITTENAp
Page 69 and 70: GENESIS OF THE NO L1The novel's imp
Page 71 and 72: I believe it was Blumentzit who has
Page 73 and 74: entered the orbit of the men of the
Page 75 and 76: Philippines: the people, symboliied
Page 77 and 78: On 25 January 1884, he notes in his
Page 79 and 80: Anyway, the close collaboration bet
Page 81 and 82: MemoriaThe Novales uprising took pl
Page 83 and 84: ecause of his influence on the circ
Page 85 and 86: humility";'' the surprising notice
Page 87 and 88: sick. He does not pray over those w
Page 89 and 90: its solution. Its founder was Feder
Page 91 and 92: and the question therefore was whet
Page 93 and 94: I am also convinced that the opinio
Page 95 and 96: you see, my dear boy, that all this
Page 97 and 98: had studied at the University of Sa
Page 99 and 100: However that may be, certain paragr
Page 101: From these texts, one sympathizes p
Page 105 and 106: for twenty years in these lands of
Page 107 and 108: In his Olvidos de Filipinas (Manila
Page 109 and 110: apparently in the degree it was tho
Page 111 and 112: The book bums with praises of reaso
Page 113 and 114: them as slaves among the conquerors
Page 115 and 116: eminent Egyptologist [Champollion].
Page 117 and 118: omanticism" is accepted, however, w
Page 119 and 120: Rosarito is brought to thephychiatr
Page 121 and 122: Hence, Noli me tangere can be inclu
Page 123 and 124: When he was eleven years old, Jose
Page 125 and 126: times, the Jesuits 4, references to
Page 127 and 128: While all these unforgettable event
Page 129 and 130: are as frequent and serious as thos
Page 131 and 132: two phrases not free of some disdai
Page 133 and 134: in Madrid, and still in the grip of
Page 135 and 136: poverty for the country. Besides, i
Page 137 and 138: Someone must have introduced our he
Page 139 and 140: himself and whom he observed at clo
Page 141 and 142: ordering on admiration, sufficientl
Page 143 and 144: the main protagonists in the episod
Page 145 and 146: morally, unmasking them before a cr
Page 147 and 148: And so, following these premises, E
Page 149 and 150: counter-campaign against this deman
Page 151 and 152: IV. ON IDENTIFYING THE NOVEL'S CHAR
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cans in a much more direct manner,
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confidential information from Fray
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with a certain frequency in the Phi
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Jesus Ma. Cavanna tried to do this
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sinned by excessive optimism. In th
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shall focus our attention on the re
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the Franciscans and Governor de la
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predecessor in the office, sent fro
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uary, he printed a notice of the cr
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paper which will provide a more con
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economic diffiCulties. Many of its
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Spain. In November, Coria, Arriaga,
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Some values essential to the primit
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Without leave of the corresponding
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46. In the convent of Palanan and o
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he found in the conversation among
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form, the entire dramatic argument
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and the Augustinian might have brok
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more radically anticlerical politic
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ONCE MORE THE NOLI—WITH UNDERSTAN
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uncalled for slurs against his fami
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choice of names: "Salvadorcito" or
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In the opening chapter of the Fili
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Overlooked by many is the final lin
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In other words, things were so bad
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evident sarcasm, his "Excellency wa
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husband for not standing up for her
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nineteenth century law and theory d
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to manipulate the election results
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thorough. The family prayed the Ros
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To be sure, Spain or Madrid in the
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his eyes, had the potential to lead
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time of the publication of the nove
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conditions in the Philippines, and
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Rizal's alternative to the use of v
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Tbe anticlimax, in Guerrero's tenn,
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EARLY LIFEBorn in 1846 in Figueros
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of the country, Pastells spent the
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which attests to his ardent desire
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advocated Catholic unity in its ext
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THE ROLE OF FERDINAND BLUMENTRITTIN
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eal rulers were, to all intents and
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newspaper campaign; the inhumanity
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Ibanez had also offered to act as a
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the Philippines by half. The Philip
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secular rulers of the Filipinos whe
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hatred of the blind and the ignoran
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BASIC BIBLIOGRAPHYCompiled by Jose
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Bantug, Jose P. El Dr. Jose Rizal c
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First International Congress on Riz
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Ramon Ozaeta. New York: Prentice Ha
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Villanueva, Francisco. Reminiscence
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Martin, Dalmacio H. "Hamlet and Its
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ENDNOTESVOLONTERI1. His last "Europ
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Fressell warehouse where the latter
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18. Rizal to Blumentritt, aboard th
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Blumentritt about the pastor of his
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unity of Spain and the confessional
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61. AHN, "Ultramar," 5216, exp. 26;
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97. Artigas y Cuerva, Op. cit., 126
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119. ACPF, "S. C. Cma 1867-1868," V
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9. "Seeing that only at great loss
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24. Published in Gaceta de Manila 2
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7. EJR, II, 3-1, 91. Italics mine.8
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vengeance alive . . . ." Graciano L
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36. * Not to overwhelm the reader w
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53. Noll, 50.54. Schumacher. Father
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(1872), 70-71. This was the typical
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83. Casimiro Herrero, 0. S. A., Fru
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120. I ask the reader to read again
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ut it agrees with those who know th
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19. Morga-Rizal, Sucesos (Paris, 18
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31. Diario: ER, I, 252-253.32. Loc.
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49. John N. Schumacher, S. J., "The
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Excellency, the Most Reverend Eccle
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it blamed his failure on "the monas
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116. Felix Huerta, 0. F. M., "Carta
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4recommend to us confidence in the-
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19. Op. cit., 224-225.20. Op. cit.,
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24. Pablo Pastells, S. J., MisiOn d
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16. Letter to Paciano, 1885: Op. ci
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THE ROLE OF BLU1VIENTRITT1. The Riz
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LEANDRO TORMO SANZ, Ph.D. (Madrid)
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