diced b Jos e S. Arc a, - non

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Fressell warehouse where the latter was employed. According to Retana,these documents implicated Rizal to a lesser degree and were the reason forhis trial, his detention in the boat on leaving Port Said, and his return to thePhilippines since Olive, the judge, demanded from Blanco Rizal's presencein Manila. Rizal defended himself against this piece of evidence sovigorously that the court threw away the charge that he had introducedmasonry to the Filipinos. The lack of any reference by Rizal himself to theFrench document explains why it did not figure in his trial. This is why I thinkthese documents could have reached the governor's office through hissecretary who, according to Retana, "mow proprio, drew at one time amemorandum of how much he knew against Rizal. Submitted to theGovernor General, the informant suggested a copy be sent to the militarytribunal." See Retana, Op. cit., 354, 389.6. This is the testimony of Moises Salvador, first Venerable of the lodgeNilad: Retana, Archivo del biblidfilo filipino (Madrid, 1897) III, 291-293. Inhis statement, Salvador seems to want to implicate Rizal, who was not inMadrid when La Solidaridad was founded. Elected later to be its president,he refused the office. He could, therefore, not send orders to Manila toestablish masonic lodges. Likewise, it was not Rizal, but Jose Ma. Basa whosent the statutes of "La Liga filipina," as Salvador himself admitted laterwhen questioned. See Retana, Op. cit., 295-296. In his written "informationfor my defense" given to Taviel de Andrade, Rizal said: "It is not true that Ihave given orders to Pedro Serrano to introduce masonry into the Philippines.Serrano had a higher degree in masonry . . . . I did not go beyond the 3rddegree, while Serrano reached the 30th or the 33rd. This is clear in the letterhe wrote me when I was in Hongkong, a letter included in the case, in whichhe names me Venerable as though it was something. If I was the head, whenis an officer permitted to raise the rank of a Captain General? The letterproves the assertion false. Besides Serrano and I separated in Europe quitehostile to each other": EJR, IX-2, 741.7. Blumentritt wrote Rizal on 15 February 1891: ". . . topping all themisfortunes they have inflicted on you, your sweetheart now abandons you":EJR, 11-2, 711-713. On his possible marriage to Nelly Boustead, daughter ofa British trader who introduced British and French road building machineryinto the Philippines, Fischer wrote: "In 1891, a young Philippine-born girlwhom Rizal courted in Biarritz told him she could not agree to marry himunless he became a Protestant. Our hero was not converted, and later, hewould qualify this decision as a voluntary sacrifice for the religion hi which255.
he was born. But it rather seems he did not intend to be married": Jose Rizal(no imprint), 56, n.. 25. I disagree with this opinion. Even before tellingFr. Pablo Pastells, S.J. about his break with Nelly for religious reasons (moreof this later), there is sufficient evidence that Rizal was thinking of marriage.See EJR, letters 240, 242, 243, 248. It is also true he hesitated to get marriedlest his wife share his misfortunes. In Nelly's case, however, it was rather himsharing her fortune than her sharing his misfortunes. At this time,disillusioned with politics, the religious motivation was the reason for hisdecision not to join the English gentry.8. Rizal to Blumentritt, Biarritz, 29 March 1891: EJR, 11-2, 723.9. "I retire completely from politics, as I have already announced to youand I believe I am right. I need peace and quiet": Rizal to del Pilar, Ghent,22 September 1891: EJR, III, 231. Antonio Luna wrote: "These our labors willbe rewarded with the destruction of our future, and easily we serve as a screenbehind which others may steal in the dark. In a word, it is man exploitingman, to put it briefly": Antonio Luna to Rizal,'Madrid, 12 September 1891:EJR, 11-3, 699: ER, III, 226-228. Rizal also wrote: "Some rich people arepromising and offering me money to publish my work. Now that I accept it,they send me not even one centavo. I have now pawned all my jewelry":Rizal to Jose Ma. Basa, Ghent, 9 July 1891: EJR, 11-3, 666; ER, III, 201.10. Rizal to Blumentritt, Bruxelles, 23 April 1891:,EJR, 11-2, 73L11. "I am thinking of writing a third novel, a novel in the modern sense. . politics will not occupy many pages": Rizal to Blumentritt, Ghent,22 September 1891: EJR, 11-2, 759-760.12. ,'When I secretly left the Philippines . . . it was Fr. Leoncio Lopez, anative priest, whom I had asked to console my parents": Rizal to Blumentritt,Ghent, 23 August 1891: EJR, 11-2, 754; ER, IX-2, 759-760.13. EJR, I, 235.14. EJR, I, 236-237.15. See my article, "El' clero 'nativo en Filipinas durante el perfodoespaflol," Missionalia Hispanica XXIII (Madrid, 1966), 257-296.16. Rizal to Blumetritt, aboard the "Melbourne," 22 October 1891: EJR,11-2, 774; ER, V, 621.17. Rizal to Blumentritt, aboard the "Melbourne," 22 October 1891:EJR, H-2, 775; ER, V, 621-622.256
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diced b Jose S. Arc a,
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Copyright 1988 byPHOENIX PUBLISHING
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Third and Fourth Trials, 49Fifth Tr
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INTRODUCTIONA century is not long i
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Case: 07-15763 08/18/2010 Page: 9 o
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his country," and intent on writing
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On 25 October, the first Sunday aft
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fellow passengets.2 On 1 November h
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Simeone Angelo Felice Volonteri was
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charmed those Italian missionaries
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In this situation, Fr. Vigano faile
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Exposition to the Queen Regent by t
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We may suppose there was a special
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an Artillery Corporal 'named Taylo
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attleship which had captured it. An
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"founder," considering the above an
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frequently mixed up the names, plac
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the plea for an indult presented by
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In the same manner, a series of cur
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The lure of greater fortunes in the
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The troops that assaulted Fort San
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Octavo admitted having heard the ap
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which detailed the personal circums
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Filipino patriotism. If, on the oth
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Rizal was convinced of this. He had
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they sought to have them directly s
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scandalizing him and Raimondi perha
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oral examination to impose immediat
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permanent War Council, which senten
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Eleven of those found guilty were c
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Crisanto de los Reyes. Together wit
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imposed for these five cases, while
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interpreted according to the "spiri
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WHEN AND HOW THE NOLI WAS WRITTENAp
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GENESIS OF THE NO L1The novel's imp
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I believe it was Blumentzit who has
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entered the orbit of the men of the
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Philippines: the people, symboliied
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On 25 January 1884, he notes in his
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Anyway, the close collaboration bet
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MemoriaThe Novales uprising took pl
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ecause of his influence on the circ
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humility";'' the surprising notice
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sick. He does not pray over those w
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its solution. Its founder was Feder
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and the question therefore was whet
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I am also convinced that the opinio
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you see, my dear boy, that all this
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had studied at the University of Sa
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However that may be, certain paragr
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From these texts, one sympathizes p
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the Philippines seriously, but not
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for twenty years in these lands of
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In his Olvidos de Filipinas (Manila
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apparently in the degree it was tho
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The book bums with praises of reaso
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them as slaves among the conquerors
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eminent Egyptologist [Champollion].
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omanticism" is accepted, however, w
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Rosarito is brought to thephychiatr
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Hence, Noli me tangere can be inclu
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When he was eleven years old, Jose
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times, the Jesuits 4, references to
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While all these unforgettable event
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are as frequent and serious as thos
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two phrases not free of some disdai
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in Madrid, and still in the grip of
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poverty for the country. Besides, i
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Someone must have introduced our he
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himself and whom he observed at clo
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ordering on admiration, sufficientl
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the main protagonists in the episod
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morally, unmasking them before a cr
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And so, following these premises, E
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counter-campaign against this deman
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IV. ON IDENTIFYING THE NOVEL'S CHAR
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cans in a much more direct manner,
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confidential information from Fray
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with a certain frequency in the Phi
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Jesus Ma. Cavanna tried to do this
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sinned by excessive optimism. In th
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shall focus our attention on the re
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the Franciscans and Governor de la
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predecessor in the office, sent fro
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uary, he printed a notice of the cr
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paper which will provide a more con
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economic diffiCulties. Many of its
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Spain. In November, Coria, Arriaga,
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Some values essential to the primit
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Without leave of the corresponding
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46. In the convent of Palanan and o
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he found in the conversation among
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form, the entire dramatic argument
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and the Augustinian might have brok
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more radically anticlerical politic
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ONCE MORE THE NOLI—WITH UNDERSTAN
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uncalled for slurs against his fami
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choice of names: "Salvadorcito" or
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In the opening chapter of the Fili
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Overlooked by many is the final lin
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In other words, things were so bad
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evident sarcasm, his "Excellency wa
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husband for not standing up for her
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nineteenth century law and theory d
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to manipulate the election results
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Page 215 and 216: To be sure, Spain or Madrid in the
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Page 225 and 226: Tbe anticlimax, in Guerrero's tenn,
Page 227 and 228: EARLY LIFEBorn in 1846 in Figueros
Page 229 and 230: of the country, Pastells spent the
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Page 233 and 234: advocated Catholic unity in its ext
Page 236 and 237: THE ROLE OF FERDINAND BLUMENTRITTIN
Page 238 and 239: eal rulers were, to all intents and
Page 240 and 241: newspaper campaign; the inhumanity
Page 242 and 243: Ibanez had also offered to act as a
Page 244 and 245: the Philippines by half. The Philip
Page 246 and 247: secular rulers of the Filipinos whe
Page 248 and 249: hatred of the blind and the ignoran
Page 250 and 251: BASIC BIBLIOGRAPHYCompiled by Jose
Page 252 and 253: Bantug, Jose P. El Dr. Jose Rizal c
Page 254 and 255: First International Congress on Riz
Page 256 and 257: Ramon Ozaeta. New York: Prentice Ha
Page 258 and 259: Villanueva, Francisco. Reminiscence
Page 260 and 261: Martin, Dalmacio H. "Hamlet and Its
Page 262 and 263: ENDNOTESVOLONTERI1. His last "Europ
Page 266 and 267: 18. Rizal to Blumentritt, aboard th
Page 268 and 269: Blumentritt about the pastor of his
Page 270 and 271: unity of Spain and the confessional
Page 272 and 273: 61. AHN, "Ultramar," 5216, exp. 26;
Page 274 and 275: 97. Artigas y Cuerva, Op. cit., 126
Page 276 and 277: 119. ACPF, "S. C. Cma 1867-1868," V
Page 278 and 279: 9. "Seeing that only at great loss
Page 280 and 281: 24. Published in Gaceta de Manila 2
Page 282 and 283: 7. EJR, II, 3-1, 91. Italics mine.8
Page 284 and 285: vengeance alive . . . ." Graciano L
Page 286 and 287: 36. * Not to overwhelm the reader w
Page 288 and 289: 53. Noll, 50.54. Schumacher. Father
Page 290 and 291: (1872), 70-71. This was the typical
Page 292 and 293: 83. Casimiro Herrero, 0. S. A., Fru
Page 294 and 295: 120. I ask the reader to read again
Page 296 and 297: ut it agrees with those who know th
Page 298 and 299: 19. Morga-Rizal, Sucesos (Paris, 18
Page 300 and 301: 31. Diario: ER, I, 252-253.32. Loc.
Page 302 and 303: 49. John N. Schumacher, S. J., "The
Page 304 and 305: Excellency, the Most Reverend Eccle
Page 306 and 307: it blamed his failure on "the monas
Page 308 and 309: 116. Felix Huerta, 0. F. M., "Carta
Page 310 and 311: 4recommend to us confidence in the-
Page 312 and 313: 19. Op. cit., 224-225.20. Op. cit.,
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24. Pablo Pastells, S. J., MisiOn d
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16. Letter to Paciano, 1885: Op. ci
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THE ROLE OF BLU1VIENTRITT1. The Riz
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LEANDRO TORMO SANZ, Ph.D. (Madrid)
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