diced b Jos e S. Arc a, - non

now call the "third world." What happened then in the Philippines would berepeated in most colonial countries in the following years and has continuedto the present. The youth, educated in the metropolis, has provided theleadership in the struggle for emancipation and liberation of the colonialcountries. Liberal ideas implanted in their minds have naturally stirred thedesire to see them work at home. These students have later become theircountries' rulers, presidents, and prime ministers. We can see this in all theformer colonies of the European countries, in India, the former Belgian,Dutch, Portuguese, or Spanish colonies. Marx one coined the phrase that, increating the proletariat, the bourgeoisie was creating its own gravediggers. Inour case, however, the Marxist thesis failed to materialize as also many othertheses. But in the case of the colonies, it may be-said to be true that the mothercountry did, nolens volens, produce its own gravediggers. The colonialsubjects educated in the mother country have been imbued with the democraticand liberal ideas that served to turn the black, brown, and yellow maninto that loyal and obedient civil servant who has guaranteed the continuationof the self-satisfied ruling caste, prepared to carry on the "white man'sburden" in tranquil empire for ever and ever. Seemingly no one had visualizedthe danger from the native, who, fully possessed of the knowledge hismaster taught him, would one day demand the same blessings for himself andhis motherland. To our knowledge, Blumentritt was the first to recognize thisdevelopment at a time when the age of decolonization was still a long way inthe future, nay, when the colonial race for the possession of Africa, forinstance, was just peaking.3) The Racial Aspect—The rulers found it particularly aggravating thatthe author of the Noli should be native-born, a Chinese half-caste at thatbecause, as Blumentritt points out, "from the earliest times the Spaniard hasalways looked down on his colonial subjects, and not only on the colouredpeople but also on the mestizos and the Spaniards born and bred in theIslands.'"3 The indio was considered inferior, at best a younger brother orchild, and at worst a sub-human being, a combination ape-man, as Blumentrittsays, something of the missing link in Darwin's search in the evolutionof man. Among the many friars and peninsular Spaniards the convictionprevailed that the white man was made of finer clay than the yellow, brown,or black man, an attitude expressed in today's Apartheid. In his inimitablestyle, Blumentritt tries to convey some of the indignation of the monastic and236