diced b Jos e S. Arc a, - non

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4recommend to us confidence in the-morrow, without ever trying to stimulateour energy; recommend obedience and submission; prefer the poor in spirit,without any word of love for the men who dedicate themselves to cultivatethe intelligence in order to be useful to their brothers—here are certainlacunae in the religion of the Nazarene": EJR, VII, 227. These phrases ofRizal perhaps explain the absence of Jesus in almost all of his writings. Notstrange, therefore, that on more than one occasion, Rizal logically describedSaint Francis as ignorant and naive, and bore down on the Franciscans in thePhilippines with cutting words like the following, directed to the youngwomen of Malolos in 1889: " . . . the habit or cassock by itself does notcreate wisdom; even if clothes are piled upon the captured wild man, he willalways be wild, and will fool only the ignorant and weak-willed. To make iteven more convincing, buy a Franciscan long habit, dress a caraballa with it.You will be lucky if it does not become lazy because of the habit": EJR, 11-32, 314.133. EJR 11-2, 2, 372.134. Lorenzo Perez, 0. F. M., "Sublevaci6n de los chinos en Manila en elaft° de 1603," <strong>Arc</strong>hivo lbero-Americano 25 (1926) 149-150.135. Antolin Abad, 0. F. M., "Los franciscanos en Filipinas," Revista deIndias 24 (1964) 439.136. Gabriel Casanova, O. F. M., "Carta abierta al Excmo. Sr. D. SegismundoMoret sobre las causas de la rebelidn tagala," Politica de Espana enFilipinas (15 de enero de 1897) 4.137. Juan de Dios Villajos, 0. F. M., Cuaderno de apuntes, V, 277-279:AFIO, 5a6/6.138. In his story of the origin and the organization of the masonic lodgesin the Philippines, Antonio Ma. Regidor, using the pseudonym of FranciscoEngracio Vergara, says that the Spanish masons "founded the lodges in Cebuand Iloilo under the Spanish Grand Orient, by telling the natives, 'No, Spainis not the friars. Hate them, but love Spain and the Spanish liberals andmasons who also detest the monastic institutions, as shown in the year 1836during the general massacre of the friars in the peninsula.' This served as aformula of the oath of admission of every neophyte." Francisco EngracioVergara, La masoneria en Filipinas. Estudio de actualidad: apuntes para lahistoria de la civilizacian espafiola en el siglo XIX (Paris, 1896), 20. It is notstrange, therefore, that on witnessing the infamy of the religious orders in the301
Philippines at the end of the nineteenth century, a Spanish author would makethis observation: "The detractors of the friars say that these abuse the peoplewith their authority .. .. but what authority and what prestige had we left themfor the last few years?" <strong>Jos</strong>e Caro y Mom, Mis rotas sobre la "RevoluciOnFilipina" AFIO, 6623, note 26.139. Villajos, Op. cit., 397-403: AFIO 586/6.140. Schumacher, Revolutionary Clergy, 135-140.UNDERSTANDING THE NOL11. El Filibusterismo, Guerrero transl. (London, 1969), 218.2. Op. cit., 6-7.3. Noli me tangere, Guerrero transl. (London, 1961) 2.4. John N. Schumacher, The Propaganda Movement: 1880-1895 (Manila,1973) 86 ff.5. El Filibusterismo, 1.6. El Filibusterismo, 299.7. Noli me tangere, 1.8. Op. cit., 10.9. Op. cit., 198.10. Op. cit., 26.11. Dedication of Noll me tangere.12. El Filibusterismo, 5.13. El Filibusterismo, 248.14. Op. cit., 251.15. Noli, 173-174.16. Noli me tangere, 86.17. Op. cit., 85.18. El Filibusterismo, 224.
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diced b Jose S. Arc a,
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Copyright 1988 byPHOENIX PUBLISHING
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Third and Fourth Trials, 49Fifth Tr
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INTRODUCTIONA century is not long i
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Case: 07-15763 08/18/2010 Page: 9 o
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his country," and intent on writing
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On 25 October, the first Sunday aft
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fellow passengets.2 On 1 November h
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Simeone Angelo Felice Volonteri was
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charmed those Italian missionaries
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In this situation, Fr. Vigano faile
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Exposition to the Queen Regent by t
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We may suppose there was a special
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an Artillery Corporal 'named Taylo
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attleship which had captured it. An
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"founder," considering the above an
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frequently mixed up the names, plac
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the plea for an indult presented by
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In the same manner, a series of cur
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The lure of greater fortunes in the
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The troops that assaulted Fort San
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Octavo admitted having heard the ap
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which detailed the personal circums
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Filipino patriotism. If, on the oth
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Rizal was convinced of this. He had
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they sought to have them directly s
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scandalizing him and Raimondi perha
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oral examination to impose immediat
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permanent War Council, which senten
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Eleven of those found guilty were c
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Crisanto de los Reyes. Together wit
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imposed for these five cases, while
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interpreted according to the "spiri
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WHEN AND HOW THE NOLI WAS WRITTENAp
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GENESIS OF THE NO L1The novel's imp
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I believe it was Blumentzit who has
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entered the orbit of the men of the
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Philippines: the people, symboliied
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On 25 January 1884, he notes in his
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Anyway, the close collaboration bet
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MemoriaThe Novales uprising took pl
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ecause of his influence on the circ
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humility";'' the surprising notice
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sick. He does not pray over those w
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its solution. Its founder was Feder
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and the question therefore was whet
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I am also convinced that the opinio
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you see, my dear boy, that all this
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had studied at the University of Sa
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However that may be, certain paragr
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From these texts, one sympathizes p
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the Philippines seriously, but not
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for twenty years in these lands of
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In his Olvidos de Filipinas (Manila
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apparently in the degree it was tho
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The book bums with praises of reaso
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them as slaves among the conquerors
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eminent Egyptologist [Champollion].
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omanticism" is accepted, however, w
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Rosarito is brought to thephychiatr
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Hence, Noli me tangere can be inclu
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When he was eleven years old, Jose
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times, the Jesuits 4, references to
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While all these unforgettable event
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are as frequent and serious as thos
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two phrases not free of some disdai
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in Madrid, and still in the grip of
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poverty for the country. Besides, i
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Someone must have introduced our he
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himself and whom he observed at clo
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ordering on admiration, sufficientl
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the main protagonists in the episod
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morally, unmasking them before a cr
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And so, following these premises, E
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counter-campaign against this deman
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IV. ON IDENTIFYING THE NOVEL'S CHAR
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cans in a much more direct manner,
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confidential information from Fray
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with a certain frequency in the Phi
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Jesus Ma. Cavanna tried to do this
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sinned by excessive optimism. In th
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shall focus our attention on the re
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the Franciscans and Governor de la
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predecessor in the office, sent fro
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uary, he printed a notice of the cr
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paper which will provide a more con
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economic diffiCulties. Many of its
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Spain. In November, Coria, Arriaga,
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Some values essential to the primit
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Without leave of the corresponding
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46. In the convent of Palanan and o
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he found in the conversation among
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form, the entire dramatic argument
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and the Augustinian might have brok
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more radically anticlerical politic
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ONCE MORE THE NOLI—WITH UNDERSTAN
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uncalled for slurs against his fami
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choice of names: "Salvadorcito" or
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In the opening chapter of the Fili
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Overlooked by many is the final lin
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In other words, things were so bad
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evident sarcasm, his "Excellency wa
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husband for not standing up for her
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nineteenth century law and theory d
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to manipulate the election results
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thorough. The family prayed the Ros
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To be sure, Spain or Madrid in the
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his eyes, had the potential to lead
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time of the publication of the nove
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conditions in the Philippines, and
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Rizal's alternative to the use of v
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Tbe anticlimax, in Guerrero's tenn,
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EARLY LIFEBorn in 1846 in Figueros
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of the country, Pastells spent the
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which attests to his ardent desire
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advocated Catholic unity in its ext
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THE ROLE OF FERDINAND BLUMENTRITTIN
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eal rulers were, to all intents and
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newspaper campaign; the inhumanity
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Ibanez had also offered to act as a
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the Philippines by half. The Philip
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secular rulers of the Filipinos whe
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hatred of the blind and the ignoran
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BASIC BIBLIOGRAPHYCompiled by Jose
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Bantug, Jose P. El Dr. Jose Rizal c
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First International Congress on Riz
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Ramon Ozaeta. New York: Prentice Ha
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Villanueva, Francisco. Reminiscence
Page 260 and 261: Martin, Dalmacio H. "Hamlet and Its
Page 262 and 263: ENDNOTESVOLONTERI1. His last "Europ
Page 264 and 265: Fressell warehouse where the latter
Page 266 and 267: 18. Rizal to Blumentritt, aboard th
Page 268 and 269: Blumentritt about the pastor of his
Page 270 and 271: unity of Spain and the confessional
Page 272 and 273: 61. AHN, "Ultramar," 5216, exp. 26;
Page 274 and 275: 97. Artigas y Cuerva, Op. cit., 126
Page 276 and 277: 119. ACPF, "S. C. Cma 1867-1868," V
Page 278 and 279: 9. "Seeing that only at great loss
Page 280 and 281: 24. Published in Gaceta de Manila 2
Page 282 and 283: 7. EJR, II, 3-1, 91. Italics mine.8
Page 284 and 285: vengeance alive . . . ." Graciano L
Page 286 and 287: 36. * Not to overwhelm the reader w
Page 288 and 289: 53. Noll, 50.54. Schumacher. Father
Page 290 and 291: (1872), 70-71. This was the typical
Page 292 and 293: 83. Casimiro Herrero, 0. S. A., Fru
Page 294 and 295: 120. I ask the reader to read again
Page 296 and 297: ut it agrees with those who know th
Page 298 and 299: 19. Morga-Rizal, Sucesos (Paris, 18
Page 300 and 301: 31. Diario: ER, I, 252-253.32. Loc.
Page 302 and 303: 49. John N. Schumacher, S. J., "The
Page 304 and 305: Excellency, the Most Reverend Eccle
Page 306 and 307: it blamed his failure on "the monas
Page 308 and 309: 116. Felix Huerta, 0. F. M., "Carta
Page 312 and 313: 19. Op. cit., 224-225.20. Op. cit.,
Page 314 and 315: 24. Pablo Pastells, S. J., MisiOn d
Page 316 and 317: 16. Letter to Paciano, 1885: Op. ci
Page 318 and 319: THE ROLE OF BLU1VIENTRITT1. The Riz
Page 320: LEANDRO TORMO SANZ, Ph.D. (Madrid)
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