diced b Jos e S. Arc a, - non

with a certain frequency in the Philippines at that time." Finally, certaindeeds whose historicity is beyond doubt are attributed to Fray Salvi, but theirperpetrators were neither the Franciscans nor the friars of the other religiousorders, but the members of the secular clergy.3. Fray CamorraPerhaps it may be relatively easy to identify the third Franciscanpersonality used by Rizal in El Filibusterismo. But we must always keep inmind the reservations we hay indicated.In 1885, Fray Miguel Lucio y Bustamante published in Manila a brieffictionalized pamphlet, titled Si Tandang Basio Macunat. It was receivedamid great indignation among the liberal circles of the Philippines which sawin it an irrefutable confirmation of the truth of the well known accusationswhich through the years have been hurled against the.friars. They denouncedthe latter's opposition to freedom of thought and of the press, theirintransigence in barring the Filipinos from education, holding them subjectedand submissive to the unlimited authority and influence of the friars, theirmanipulation of religion for political ends, their propensity to preserve thepolitical stability of the Archipelago, suffocating every desire, notnecessarily of independence, but even of enjoying the fundamental rights forthe good government of the country.Briefly, its publication could not be more inopportune, gratuitouslydepositing in the hands of the anti-clerical sectors the best excuse enablingthem to continue the attacks started by the publication of Noli me tangere.Attacks against this fatal and worthless booklet rained from all parts. Againstit were lined up almost all the members of the Propaganda and theirsympathizers from Marcelo H. del Pilar to Ferdinand Blumentritt. As was tobe expected, Rizal also gave it special attention, mentioning it more than sixtimes in El Filibusterismo.The identification, then, of Fray Camorra with Fray Miguel Lucio yBustamante seems very probable. Rizal presents him as a parish priest, not ofSan Diego, but of Tiani, a Philippine fictional town, of course, but whichcould well answer to Tanay, thanks to a play on letters which Rizal was quitefond of. Fray Lucio was pastor of Tanay for many years.We must remember, however, that Camorra was much less a faithfulpicture of Lucio y Bustamante, but the result of a juxtaposition of various realindividuals to whom a series of historical deeds corresponded, some performedby Franciscans, others by members of the other religious orders, andon occasion by some members of the secular clergy. Thus, to cite a concrete148