diced b Jos e S. Arc a, - non

the Philippines seriously, but not him, the exact opposite, because "the onlyserious things there are earthquakes and dysentery." Trinidad H. Pardo deTavera, his contemporary and well acquainted with the Manila situation,asserts that Cafiamaque "attacked the friars, made fun of Manila society,stated that the natives were monkeys, and censured the entire world." Hisbooks, consequently, "won the privilege of raising complaints from allsides,"'w a sign they were read. These books must have been as popular inManila as Bowring's.Like the students of his time, Rizal read Cafiamaque. Many of the latter'sstatements thoroughly disgusted him, but other assertions helped him to writewith ease and a good dose of sarcasm reminiscent of Voltaire.Two parts in Cafiamaque's works on the Philippines are clearlydistinguishable• the fictionalized narrative of his own Philippine experience,and his reflections on the problems facing the Spanish colony then. I shall adda list of Cafiamaque's chapters which seem to have their parallels in Rizal'snovel:Recuerdos de Filipinas. I:1. "The Night I Arrived"—a description of a meeting of the town rulers,the Spaniards (the friar, the commander of the Carabineers, the captain of theCivil Guard, etc.), which the author attended; bananas, boiled rice, tinola,gulag, etc. Rizal followed the same technique in the first chapter of the Noll.4. "The Filipinos' Modesty"—how a school functioned, among others.Rizal echoes this in chapter 19 of his book.5. "A Ball"— the gobernadorcillo of the town is submissive "as a dogloves the Spaniards more than the Filipinos," is deeply religious, offers a giftto the Virgin of his parish, serves mass, offers chocolate to the parish priest,etc. This is the picture of Capitan Tiago in chapter 6 of Noli.6. "The Filipino Theater"—a stage presentation of the popular Muslim-Christian battles in the Philippines, also included in Rizal's work.13. "The Religion of the Filipinos"—a severe criticism of Filipinoreligious attitudes characterized as superstitious: a narrative of a love affairbetween a native priest and the former town capitan's wife. These are notmissing in Noli, although the sacrilegious , love affair of the priest may havebecome the story of Fray Damaso and Capitan Tiago's wife.14. "Sloth and Neglect of the Filipinos"—two constant themes in Rizal.15. "What Is the Family in the Philippines?"—serious, by contrast.Catiamaque describes the Filipino family as an entity without feelings, but94