diced b Jos e S. Arc a, - non

advocated Catholic unity in its extreme traditionalist and absolutist form.More of a movement than a party, Traditionalism appealed to Spain'sglorious past as the norm for the 19th century and found concrete expressionfor its political ideas in the Carlist struggle for ascendancy." Now within theranks of the Traditionalist Party, extremist as it already was, there aroseunder the leadership of Ramon Nocedal a dissident group, the Integrist Party,which was formally founded in 1888 with Nocedal's final break with DonCarlos. Nocedal resisted every effort of Leo XIII to unite Spanish Catholics,interpreting Roman documents in his favor, and attacked other Carlists,including Don Carlos himself, for their infidelity to "integral" Catholicismand dangerous accommodation to liberalism. Integrism has beencharacterized by Schumacher as "the absolutization, so to speak, of its[Traditionalism] principle, the sustaining of all Traditionalist principles intheir most intransigent form."32 Any slight concession to liberalism wasconsidered a sinful departure from Catholic orthodoxy. Catholic unity wasunderstood to mean the established position of the Church, completereligious intolerance, and likewise the all-pervading and comprehensivepresence of Catholicism in all aspects of personal and social life, or in thewords of Nocedal "the rule of Christ in society, Jesus Christ ruling in the lawsand customs, in public and private institutions, in all education, in allpropaganda, written and spoken, in King and subjects as well."" Andprecisely because the Integrists, in rejecting Don Carlos, had no longer anytangible king to sustain their political hopes, Integrist literature came toexhibit increasingly a political mysticism, with Nocedal frequently appealingto "the rule of Christ in society" as an earthly goal devoutly to be wished.Nocedal found support among the secular clergy and the religious orders,expecially the Jesuits, who initially were his advisers but were later to reversetheir position at the instance of Leo XIII and the Jesuit General Father Martin,a Spaniard. Among the secular clergy, the noted publicist and polemicalwriter Don Felix Sarda y Salvany took up the cudgels for Integrism. Mostfamous of his works was a slim volume with the telling title, El liberalism° especado, which came to be the vademecum of Integrism.Pastells left little doubt in the correspondence as to his political leanings.Detecting Rizal's adherence to liberal ideas, he was quick to point to theabuses of freedom, advocating a "preventive and repressive" socio-politicalsystem:224I am convinced that for the sake of the common good restrictions should be set onfreedom in many instances and individuals should be held responsible for theiraction by authorities endowed with legislative, administrative, coercive, judicial,