diced b Jos e S. Arc a, - non

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16. Letter to Paciano, 1885: Op. cit., 83.17. Op. cit., 87.18. For a documentary history of this question, see Jesus Ma. Cavanna yManso, C. M., Rizal's Unfading Glory (Manila, 1983, 4th edition).19. Chapter 46, "The Oppressed," Noli me tangere, Guerrero transl.(London and Hongkong, 1961) 283 ff.20. See, for instance, Gerald Brenan, The Spanish Labyrinth(Cambridge, 1967) 157 ff.21. Op. cit., 44 ff.22. Cited Vivencio R. Jose, "Jose Rizal and Antonio Luna: Their Role inthe Philippine Revolution," Philippine Social Sciences and HumanitiesReview 43 (Quezon City, 1979) 140.23. Noli, chapters 50-51. Guerrero transl., 306 ff, 320 ff24. Noli, chapter 62. Guerrero transl., 385 ff.25. Cfr., for instance, Guerrero, First Filipino, 140; Leonard Casper,New Writings from the Philippines (Syracuse, 1966) 30.26. The Rizal-Blumentritt Correspondence (Manila, 1961) I, 44.Henceforth RBC.27. Op. cit., letter dated Geneva, 19 June 1887, Rizal's birthday, 105.28. Cited R. A. Roland, Op. cit., 72 ff.29. Op. cit., 77.30. Ibid. See the Guerrero translation of El Filibusterismo (London andHongkong, 1965) 195.31. Cited R. A. Roland, Op. cit., 7332. See Guerrero, First Filipino, 180 ff; Austin Coates, Rizal, PhilippineNationalist and Martyr (London, Hongkong, et al., 1968) 138 ff.33. Rizal's letter to Blumentritt, Hongkong, 20 December 1891: RBC11,433 fr.34. Jose Rizal, Historical and Political Writings (Manila, 1964) 130 ff,143, 162 ff.307
35. El Filibusterismo, Guerrero transl., 261 ff.36. For the most important characteristics of Isagani, see Op. cit., 216 ff.,230, 272 ff.37. Op. cit., 295.38. Op. cit., 297.39. Op. cit., 298.40. Reynaldo C. Ileto, Pasyon and Revolution. Popular Movements inthe Philippines, 1840-1910 (Quezon City, 1979) 10 ff.41. Cfr. the review by John N. Schumacher, S. J., "Recent Perspectiveson the Revolution," Philippine Studies 30 (Quezon City, 1982) 445-492,particularly 454 ff.42. On the belief in the Ratu-Adil see, for instance, Sartono Kartodirdjo,Protest Movements in Rural Java (Kuala Lumpur and London, 1973) or thefirst chapter of my Sukarno and the Struggle for Independence (Ithaca, NewYork, 1969).43. For this see E. Sarkisyanz, Buddhist Backgrounds of the BurmeseRevolution (the Hague, 1965).44. Ileto quotes a Sakdal doctrine from 1935 as follows: "The leader of asubject country should be the first in making the sacrifice and suffer the pangsof hardship. No liberty was ever obtained happily . . . nobody ever triumphedwithout passing over Golgotha and being nailed at the cross of Calvary. Theleader who amasses wealth should be abhorred . . . . " Op. cit., 254.45. RBC II 373.46. RBC II 416 (letter dated 22 September 1891).47. RBC II 419 (letter dated 22 October 1891).48. Guerrero, First Filipino, 322: "Despujol had cast Rizal's dice forhim."49. Rizal, Historical and Political Writings, 144.50. See his memorandum for defense: "I have always been opposed tothe rebellion . . ," elaborating the same ideas in December 1896 shortlybefore his trial. Cited Guerrero, First Filipino, 424 ff.308
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diced b Jose S. Arc a,
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Copyright 1988 byPHOENIX PUBLISHING
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Third and Fourth Trials, 49Fifth Tr
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INTRODUCTIONA century is not long i
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Case: 07-15763 08/18/2010 Page: 9 o
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his country," and intent on writing
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On 25 October, the first Sunday aft
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fellow passengets.2 On 1 November h
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Simeone Angelo Felice Volonteri was
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charmed those Italian missionaries
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In this situation, Fr. Vigano faile
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Exposition to the Queen Regent by t
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We may suppose there was a special
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an Artillery Corporal 'named Taylo
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attleship which had captured it. An
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"founder," considering the above an
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frequently mixed up the names, plac
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the plea for an indult presented by
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In the same manner, a series of cur
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The lure of greater fortunes in the
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The troops that assaulted Fort San
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Octavo admitted having heard the ap
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which detailed the personal circums
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Filipino patriotism. If, on the oth
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Rizal was convinced of this. He had
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they sought to have them directly s
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scandalizing him and Raimondi perha
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oral examination to impose immediat
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permanent War Council, which senten
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Eleven of those found guilty were c
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Crisanto de los Reyes. Together wit
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imposed for these five cases, while
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interpreted according to the "spiri
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WHEN AND HOW THE NOLI WAS WRITTENAp
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GENESIS OF THE NO L1The novel's imp
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I believe it was Blumentzit who has
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entered the orbit of the men of the
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Philippines: the people, symboliied
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On 25 January 1884, he notes in his
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Anyway, the close collaboration bet
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MemoriaThe Novales uprising took pl
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ecause of his influence on the circ
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humility";'' the surprising notice
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sick. He does not pray over those w
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its solution. Its founder was Feder
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and the question therefore was whet
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I am also convinced that the opinio
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you see, my dear boy, that all this
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had studied at the University of Sa
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However that may be, certain paragr
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From these texts, one sympathizes p
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the Philippines seriously, but not
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for twenty years in these lands of
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In his Olvidos de Filipinas (Manila
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apparently in the degree it was tho
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The book bums with praises of reaso
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them as slaves among the conquerors
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eminent Egyptologist [Champollion].
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omanticism" is accepted, however, w
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Rosarito is brought to thephychiatr
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Hence, Noli me tangere can be inclu
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When he was eleven years old, Jose
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times, the Jesuits 4, references to
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While all these unforgettable event
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are as frequent and serious as thos
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two phrases not free of some disdai
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in Madrid, and still in the grip of
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poverty for the country. Besides, i
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Someone must have introduced our he
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himself and whom he observed at clo
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ordering on admiration, sufficientl
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the main protagonists in the episod
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morally, unmasking them before a cr
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And so, following these premises, E
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counter-campaign against this deman
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IV. ON IDENTIFYING THE NOVEL'S CHAR
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cans in a much more direct manner,
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confidential information from Fray
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with a certain frequency in the Phi
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Jesus Ma. Cavanna tried to do this
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sinned by excessive optimism. In th
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shall focus our attention on the re
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the Franciscans and Governor de la
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predecessor in the office, sent fro
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uary, he printed a notice of the cr
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paper which will provide a more con
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economic diffiCulties. Many of its
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Spain. In November, Coria, Arriaga,
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Some values essential to the primit
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Without leave of the corresponding
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46. In the convent of Palanan and o
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he found in the conversation among
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form, the entire dramatic argument
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and the Augustinian might have brok
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more radically anticlerical politic
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ONCE MORE THE NOLI—WITH UNDERSTAN
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uncalled for slurs against his fami
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choice of names: "Salvadorcito" or
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In the opening chapter of the Fili
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Overlooked by many is the final lin
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In other words, things were so bad
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evident sarcasm, his "Excellency wa
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husband for not standing up for her
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nineteenth century law and theory d
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to manipulate the election results
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thorough. The family prayed the Ros
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To be sure, Spain or Madrid in the
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his eyes, had the potential to lead
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time of the publication of the nove
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conditions in the Philippines, and
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Rizal's alternative to the use of v
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Tbe anticlimax, in Guerrero's tenn,
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EARLY LIFEBorn in 1846 in Figueros
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of the country, Pastells spent the
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which attests to his ardent desire
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advocated Catholic unity in its ext
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THE ROLE OF FERDINAND BLUMENTRITTIN
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eal rulers were, to all intents and
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newspaper campaign; the inhumanity
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Ibanez had also offered to act as a
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the Philippines by half. The Philip
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secular rulers of the Filipinos whe
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hatred of the blind and the ignoran
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BASIC BIBLIOGRAPHYCompiled by Jose
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Bantug, Jose P. El Dr. Jose Rizal c
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First International Congress on Riz
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Ramon Ozaeta. New York: Prentice Ha
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Villanueva, Francisco. Reminiscence
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Martin, Dalmacio H. "Hamlet and Its
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ENDNOTESVOLONTERI1. His last "Europ
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Fressell warehouse where the latter
Page 266 and 267: 18. Rizal to Blumentritt, aboard th
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Page 270 and 271: unity of Spain and the confessional
Page 272 and 273: 61. AHN, "Ultramar," 5216, exp. 26;
Page 274 and 275: 97. Artigas y Cuerva, Op. cit., 126
Page 276 and 277: 119. ACPF, "S. C. Cma 1867-1868," V
Page 278 and 279: 9. "Seeing that only at great loss
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Page 282 and 283: 7. EJR, II, 3-1, 91. Italics mine.8
Page 284 and 285: vengeance alive . . . ." Graciano L
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Page 288 and 289: 53. Noll, 50.54. Schumacher. Father
Page 290 and 291: (1872), 70-71. This was the typical
Page 292 and 293: 83. Casimiro Herrero, 0. S. A., Fru
Page 294 and 295: 120. I ask the reader to read again
Page 296 and 297: ut it agrees with those who know th
Page 298 and 299: 19. Morga-Rizal, Sucesos (Paris, 18
Page 300 and 301: 31. Diario: ER, I, 252-253.32. Loc.
Page 302 and 303: 49. John N. Schumacher, S. J., "The
Page 304 and 305: Excellency, the Most Reverend Eccle
Page 306 and 307: it blamed his failure on "the monas
Page 308 and 309: 116. Felix Huerta, 0. F. M., "Carta
Page 310 and 311: 4recommend to us confidence in the-
Page 312 and 313: 19. Op. cit., 224-225.20. Op. cit.,
Page 314 and 315: 24. Pablo Pastells, S. J., MisiOn d
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Page 320: LEANDRO TORMO SANZ, Ph.D. (Madrid)
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