diced b Jos e S. Arc a, - non

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vengeance alive . . . ." Graciano Lopez Jaena, "Homage to Professor MiguelMorayta, President, Asociacion Hispano-Filipina," Speeches, Articles, andLetters (Manila, 1974), 37. In 1890, the conceited Pedro A. Patemo dedicatedhis work Los has (Madrid, 1890) "To Don Rafael M. de Labra, EminentTribune, Deputy to Comes . . . . His admirer and friend."27. Francisco Foradada, S. J., La soberania de Espalia en Filipinas(Barcelona, 1897).28. Manuel Garcia-Barzanallana [pseudonym of Fr. Pablo Pastells,S. J.?]. La Masonizacion de Filipinas (Barcelona, 1897) reprinted by W. E.Retana, Archive) del Bibliefilo Filipino (Madrid, 1897), IV, 286-287. Anyway,in this work the factors that influenced the change in Rizal's outlook,even before he went to Europe, are the following three which probably alsoleft their impact on the evolution of the entire Philippine society during thesecond half of the nineteenth century: (a) the revolution of September 1868;(b) the opening of the Suez Canal; and (c) the propaganda of the BiblicalSocieties in Hongkong. Anyway, the same author even states—I do not knowif a pane post—that. "a few years after the start of his college career inManila, we already see in the young student [Jose Rizal] the perversion of hispatriotic sentiments,when he composed a prize winning poem and submittedit to the literary contest celebrating the centenary of our immortal Calderon[1881], unless we are mistaken. The poem was an inspired hymn to hisfatherland which for him was no longer Spain."29. Jose Jimenez Lozano, Los cementerios civiles y la heterodoxia espaliol(Madrid, 1978) 192.30. Op. cit., 197-198.31. Felix Sarda y Salvany, El liberalism° es pecado (Barcelona,1887) 13. The first edition came out in 1884. In his epistolary debate with Fr.Pablo Pastells, S. J. regarding faith, Rizal claimed he had read the works ofthe ultraconservative Sarda y Salvany, but does not mention which.32. Op. cit., 19.33. La Cruz I (1890) 668-673.34. Leandro Tormo Sanz, 1872. Documents Compiled and Annotated(Manila, 1973); "Bishop Volonteri: Fellow Passenger of Rizal," elsewhere inthis volume.275
35. Still, one must not forget that this unpleasant and embarassingincident could have had greater publicity than is believed, for already in 1872we find on the printed page an event of similar characteristics. It can bechecked, however. Manrique Alonso Lallave, former Dominican expelledfrom the Philippines in 1871—we shall speak more of him—afterabandoning the Catholic Church, widely ventilates abuses in the Islands bythe religious orders. Referring to priestly celibacy, he writes: "The other caseis that of a pastor of a certain town, father of a pretty girl, who madly in lovewith another friar, fled with him and made her irritated father go out in pursuitof the abductor. Good that the other one stood firm in his house, otherwisethere would have been a combat as in the ancient times, when knights foughtfor their ladies." Manrique Alonso Lallave, Los frailes en Filipinas (Madrid,1872), 76. The story could have also reached Rizal through more complicatedchannels. The Garchitorenas residing in Pandacan, the town whose parishpriest in 1871 was Fray Serafm Terren were in contact with a• wide group ofliberals or sympathizers with liberal movements, among whom we canmention Federico Lerena, the Regidor brothers, Rafael Maria de Labra, andFr. Vicente Garcia, a secular priest—he defended Rizal's Noli—whocertainly were aware of Fray Terren's personal problems. The latter hadbeen, among other things, Vicar Forane in the Diocese of Nueva Caceres towhich Sangay, the Franciscan's former parish, belonged. This point needs tobe emphasized. Leon Ma. Guerrero, on pages -135-136 of his The FirstFilipino, believes that the heart of the plot of the Noli is not so much the dirtyand unrelieved animosity between the Franciscans Damaso and Salvi, on oneside, against Crisostomo Ibarra, on the other, not for political reasons, but"out of the basest sexual motives, one because he is Maria Clara'ssacrilegious father,_ and the other because he sacrilegiously desires her. Thushe denies the friars even the dignity of their convictions." Knowing this factcould not have brought Rizal, logically, to a similar conclusion, or at least toa generalization as he did. However, with greater access to more detailedinformation, and strongly influenced by the liberal ideas which he imbibed inMadrid, the Philippine national hero, as Guerrero indicates, arrived at theconclusion that "they [the friars] must, at all costs, even at the cost of fairnessand charity, be stripped of even their sacerdotal immunities and mysticalpowers and exposed to ridicule and hatred." Guerrero, Op. cit., 136. I amconvinced this was the process followed by Rizal's thinking, such and as itwill appear in the following pages.276
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diced b Jose S. Arc a,
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Copyright 1988 byPHOENIX PUBLISHING
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Third and Fourth Trials, 49Fifth Tr
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INTRODUCTIONA century is not long i
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Case: 07-15763 08/18/2010 Page: 9 o
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his country," and intent on writing
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On 25 October, the first Sunday aft
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fellow passengets.2 On 1 November h
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Simeone Angelo Felice Volonteri was
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charmed those Italian missionaries
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In this situation, Fr. Vigano faile
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Exposition to the Queen Regent by t
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We may suppose there was a special
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an Artillery Corporal 'named Taylo
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attleship which had captured it. An
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"founder," considering the above an
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frequently mixed up the names, plac
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the plea for an indult presented by
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In the same manner, a series of cur
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The lure of greater fortunes in the
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The troops that assaulted Fort San
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Octavo admitted having heard the ap
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which detailed the personal circums
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Filipino patriotism. If, on the oth
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Rizal was convinced of this. He had
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they sought to have them directly s
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scandalizing him and Raimondi perha
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oral examination to impose immediat
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permanent War Council, which senten
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Eleven of those found guilty were c
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Crisanto de los Reyes. Together wit
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imposed for these five cases, while
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interpreted according to the "spiri
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WHEN AND HOW THE NOLI WAS WRITTENAp
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GENESIS OF THE NO L1The novel's imp
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I believe it was Blumentzit who has
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entered the orbit of the men of the
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Philippines: the people, symboliied
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On 25 January 1884, he notes in his
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Anyway, the close collaboration bet
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MemoriaThe Novales uprising took pl
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ecause of his influence on the circ
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humility";'' the surprising notice
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sick. He does not pray over those w
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its solution. Its founder was Feder
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and the question therefore was whet
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I am also convinced that the opinio
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you see, my dear boy, that all this
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had studied at the University of Sa
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However that may be, certain paragr
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From these texts, one sympathizes p
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the Philippines seriously, but not
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for twenty years in these lands of
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In his Olvidos de Filipinas (Manila
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apparently in the degree it was tho
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The book bums with praises of reaso
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them as slaves among the conquerors
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eminent Egyptologist [Champollion].
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omanticism" is accepted, however, w
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Rosarito is brought to thephychiatr
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Hence, Noli me tangere can be inclu
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When he was eleven years old, Jose
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times, the Jesuits 4, references to
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While all these unforgettable event
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are as frequent and serious as thos
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two phrases not free of some disdai
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in Madrid, and still in the grip of
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poverty for the country. Besides, i
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Someone must have introduced our he
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himself and whom he observed at clo
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ordering on admiration, sufficientl
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the main protagonists in the episod
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morally, unmasking them before a cr
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And so, following these premises, E
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counter-campaign against this deman
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IV. ON IDENTIFYING THE NOVEL'S CHAR
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cans in a much more direct manner,
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confidential information from Fray
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with a certain frequency in the Phi
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Jesus Ma. Cavanna tried to do this
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sinned by excessive optimism. In th
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shall focus our attention on the re
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the Franciscans and Governor de la
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predecessor in the office, sent fro
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uary, he printed a notice of the cr
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paper which will provide a more con
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economic diffiCulties. Many of its
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Spain. In November, Coria, Arriaga,
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Some values essential to the primit
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Without leave of the corresponding
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46. In the convent of Palanan and o
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he found in the conversation among
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form, the entire dramatic argument
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and the Augustinian might have brok
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more radically anticlerical politic
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ONCE MORE THE NOLI—WITH UNDERSTAN
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uncalled for slurs against his fami
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choice of names: "Salvadorcito" or
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In the opening chapter of the Fili
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Overlooked by many is the final lin
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In other words, things were so bad
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evident sarcasm, his "Excellency wa
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husband for not standing up for her
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nineteenth century law and theory d
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to manipulate the election results
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thorough. The family prayed the Ros
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To be sure, Spain or Madrid in the
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his eyes, had the potential to lead
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time of the publication of the nove
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conditions in the Philippines, and
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Rizal's alternative to the use of v
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Tbe anticlimax, in Guerrero's tenn,
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EARLY LIFEBorn in 1846 in Figueros
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of the country, Pastells spent the
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which attests to his ardent desire
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Page 236 and 237: THE ROLE OF FERDINAND BLUMENTRITTIN
Page 238 and 239: eal rulers were, to all intents and
Page 240 and 241: newspaper campaign; the inhumanity
Page 242 and 243: Ibanez had also offered to act as a
Page 244 and 245: the Philippines by half. The Philip
Page 246 and 247: secular rulers of the Filipinos whe
Page 248 and 249: hatred of the blind and the ignoran
Page 250 and 251: BASIC BIBLIOGRAPHYCompiled by Jose
Page 252 and 253: Bantug, Jose P. El Dr. Jose Rizal c
Page 254 and 255: First International Congress on Riz
Page 256 and 257: Ramon Ozaeta. New York: Prentice Ha
Page 258 and 259: Villanueva, Francisco. Reminiscence
Page 260 and 261: Martin, Dalmacio H. "Hamlet and Its
Page 262 and 263: ENDNOTESVOLONTERI1. His last "Europ
Page 264 and 265: Fressell warehouse where the latter
Page 266 and 267: 18. Rizal to Blumentritt, aboard th
Page 268 and 269: Blumentritt about the pastor of his
Page 270 and 271: unity of Spain and the confessional
Page 272 and 273: 61. AHN, "Ultramar," 5216, exp. 26;
Page 274 and 275: 97. Artigas y Cuerva, Op. cit., 126
Page 276 and 277: 119. ACPF, "S. C. Cma 1867-1868," V
Page 278 and 279: 9. "Seeing that only at great loss
Page 280 and 281: 24. Published in Gaceta de Manila 2
Page 282 and 283: 7. EJR, II, 3-1, 91. Italics mine.8
Page 286 and 287: 36. * Not to overwhelm the reader w
Page 288 and 289: 53. Noll, 50.54. Schumacher. Father
Page 290 and 291: (1872), 70-71. This was the typical
Page 292 and 293: 83. Casimiro Herrero, 0. S. A., Fru
Page 294 and 295: 120. I ask the reader to read again
Page 296 and 297: ut it agrees with those who know th
Page 298 and 299: 19. Morga-Rizal, Sucesos (Paris, 18
Page 300 and 301: 31. Diario: ER, I, 252-253.32. Loc.
Page 302 and 303: 49. John N. Schumacher, S. J., "The
Page 304 and 305: Excellency, the Most Reverend Eccle
Page 306 and 307: it blamed his failure on "the monas
Page 308 and 309: 116. Felix Huerta, 0. F. M., "Carta
Page 310 and 311: 4recommend to us confidence in the-
Page 312 and 313: 19. Op. cit., 224-225.20. Op. cit.,
Page 314 and 315: 24. Pablo Pastells, S. J., MisiOn d
Page 316 and 317: 16. Letter to Paciano, 1885: Op. ci
Page 318 and 319: THE ROLE OF BLU1VIENTRITT1. The Riz
Page 320: LEANDRO TORMO SANZ, Ph.D. (Madrid)
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