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152 BACTERIOSEScutaneous lesions are flat, hypopigmented, and have ill-defined borders. If this initialform is not treated, it may develop into tuberculoid, dimorphous, or lepromatousleprosy. Bacilli are few and it is difficult to confirm their presence.Finally, the dimorphous or borderline form occupies an intermediate positionbetween the two polar forms (tuberculoid and lepromatous), and shares propertiesof both; it is unstable and may progress in either direction. Destruction of nervetrunks may be extensive. Bacilli are observed in scrapings taken from skin lesions.A study group (WHO, 1985) has, primarily for practical treatment purposes,defined two types of the disease.“a) Paucibacillary: This includes the categories described as indeterminate (I) andtuberculoid (T) leprosy in the Madrid classification, and the indeterminate (I), polartuberculoid (TT) and borderline tuberculoid (BT) categories in the Ridley andJopling classification, whether diagnosed clinically or histopathologically with abacterial index of
LEPROSY 153were first observed, the animal began to suffer deformities and paralysis of theextremities. Histopathologic findings indicated the subpolar or intermediate lepromatousform, according to the Ridley and Jopling classification. The disease wasprogressive, with neuropathic deformation of the feet and hands. It seemed toregress when specific treatment was administered. The animal apparently acquiredthe disease from a patient with active leprosy. Experimental infections carried out todate have indicated that these animals may experience a spectrum of different formssimilar to those seen in man (Meyers et al., 1985).Source of Infection and Mode of Transmission: Man is the principal reservoirof M. leprae. The method of transmission is still not well known due to the extendedincubation period. Nevertheless, the principal source of infection is believed to belepromatous patients, in whom the infection is multibacillary, skin lesions are oftenulcerous, and a great number of bacilli are shed through the nose; similarly, bacilliare found in the mouth and pharynx. Consequently, transmission might be broughtabout by contact with infected skin, especially if there are abrasions or wounds.Currently, particular importance is attributed to aerosol transmission. Nasal secretionsfrom lepromatous patients contain approximately 100 million bacilli per milliliter.In addition, M. leprae can survive for about seven days in dried secretions.Another possible route of transmission is mother’s milk, which contains a largenumber of bacilli in lepromatous patients (Bullock, 1990). Oral transmission andtransmission by hematophagous arthropods are not discounted, but they are assignedless epidemiological importance.Until recently, leprosy was believed to be an exclusively human disease. However,research in recent years has demonstrated that the infection and the disease alsooccur naturally in wild animals. Although some researchers (Kirchheimer, 1979)have expressed doubt that the animal infection is identical to the human, the accumulatedevidence indicates that the etiologic agent is the same. The criteria (Binfordet al., 1982) used to identify the bacillus in animals as M. leprae were as follows:(1) selective invasion of the peripheral nerves by bacilli, since the onlyMycobacterium known to date to invade the nerves is M. leprae, (2) failure to growon common laboratory media for mycobacteria, (3) positive pyridine test to eliminateacid-fastness, (4) positive dopa test, (5) characteristic multiplication in mousefoot pads and in armadillos, and (6) reactivity of lepromin prepared with animalbacilli compared to that of standard lepromin.The origin of the infection in animals is unknown. Some authors believe thatarmadillos contracted the infection from a human source, perhaps from multibacillarypatients before the era of sulfones. In this regard, it should be pointed out thatleprosy bacilli may remain viable for a week in dried nasal secretions and thatarmadillos are in close contact with the soil. The high prevalence in some localitieswould also indicate that armadillos can transmit the disease to each other, either byinhalation or direct contact. Another possible transmission vehicle is maternal milk,in which the agent has been detected (Walsh et al., 1981). It has also been suggestedthat transmission among armadillos may be brought about by thorns penetrating theears, nose, or other body parts (Job et al., 1986b), as apparently armadillos useplaces with spiny plants to hide from their predators. These authors have foundthorns in the ears of 25.5% of 494 armadillos captured in Louisiana, and in the noseof 36.6% of them.
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ZOONOSES AND COMMUNICABLE DISEASESC
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CONTENTSPrologue . . . . . . . . .
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CONTENTSv7. Caprine and ovine bruce
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viiiPROLOGUEevaluation and in the d
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PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITIONThe fi
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PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITIONxiiiMr
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ACTINOMYCOSISICD-10 A42.9Synonyms:
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ACTINOMYCOSIS 5Infections and patho
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AEROMONIASIS 7shown that the clinic
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AEROMONIASIS 9congested area to ble
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AEROMONIASIS 11and depression. Desp
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AEROMONIASIS 13Angelini, N.M., G.N.
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ANIMAL ERYSIPELAS AND HUMAN ERYSIPE
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ANTHRAX 21Wood, R.L., R. Harrington
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ANTHRAX 23tive through culture and
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ANTHRAX 25Figure 2. Anthrax. Transm
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ANTHRAX 27reactions and the recomme
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BOTULISMICD-10 A05.1Synonyms: Allan
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30 BACTERIOSESFigure 3. Botulism (t
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32 BACTERIOSESFigure 4. Reported ca
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34 BACTERIOSESan 18-week-old child.
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36 BACTERIOSESOutbreaks with high d
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38 BACTERIOSESDiagnosis: Clinical d
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40 BACTERIOSESlogical study on 70 s
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42 BACTERIOSESwere recorded in 1947
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44 BACTERIOSESthe disease can vary
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46 BACTERIOSESOnce an infected cow
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48 BACTERIOSESSeveral researchers h
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50 BACTERIOSESwhich is the reservoi
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52 BACTERIOSESFigure 5. Bovine bruc
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54 BACTERIOSESby rectal or preputia
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56 BACTERIOSESing the two-year foll
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58 BACTERIOSESThe complement fixati
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60 BACTERIOSESin various countries
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62 BACTERIOSESAs goats are generall
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64 BACTERIOSESCorbel, M.J., F.A. St
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66 BACTERIOSESPfischner, W.C.E., K.
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CAMPYLOBACTERIOSISICD-10 A04.5 camp
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CAMPYLOBACTERIOSIS 69fever, abdomin
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CAMPYLOBACTERIOSIS 71The infection
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CAMPYLOBACTERIOSIS 73Occurrence in
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CAMPYLOBACTERIOSIS 75Figure 9. Camp
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CAMPYLOBACTERIOSIS 77BibliographyAn
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CAT-SCRATCH DISEASE 79ganism belong
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CAT-SCRATCH DISEASE 81BibliographyA
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CLOSTRIDIAL FOOD POISONING 83from t
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CLOSTRIDIAL FOOD POISONING 85lambs
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CLOSTRIDIAL WOUND INFECTIONS 87Pres
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CLOSTRIDIAL WOUND INFECTIONS 89Diag
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COLIBACILLOSIS 91Geographic Distrib
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COLIBACILLOSIS 93K99). Although F4
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COLIBACILLOSIS 95CATTLE: Calf diarr
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COLIBACILLOSIS 97In the case of dia
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CORYNEBACTERIOSIS 99Robins-Browne,
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CORYNEBACTERIOSIS 101Two different
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DERMATOPHILOSIS 103Corynebacterium
Page 118 and 119: 104 BACTERIOSESlesions. Subsequentl
Page 120 and 121: 106 BACTERIOSES1% alum dips. In chr
Page 122 and 123: 108 BACTERIOSESThe mycobacteria tha
Page 124 and 125: 110 BACTERIOSESBritish Columbia (Ca
Page 126 and 127: 112 BACTERIOSESand M. fortuitum. St
Page 128 and 129: 114 BACTERIOSESlish themselves in n
Page 130 and 131: 116 BACTERIOSESGruft, H., J.O. Falk
Page 132 and 133: 118 BACTERIOSESThere are various sc
Page 134 and 135: 120 BACTERIOSESSource of Infection
Page 136 and 137: 122 BACTERIOSES127:179-187, 1988. C
Page 138 and 139: ENTEROCOLITIC YERSINIOSIS 123tive w
Page 140 and 141: ENTEROCOLITIC YERSINIOSIS 125Althou
Page 142 and 143: ENTEROCOLITIC YERSINIOSIS 127Figure
Page 144 and 145: ENTEROCOLITIC YERSINIOSIS 129mates
Page 146 and 147: ENTEROCOLITIC YERSINIOSIS 131Farmer
Page 148 and 149: ENTEROCOLITIS DUE TO CLOSTRIDIUM DI
Page 154 and 155: FOOD POISONING CAUSED BY VIBRIO PAR
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Page 158 and 159: GLANDERSICD-10 A24.0Synonyms: Farcy
Page 160 and 161: 144 BACTERIOSESFigure 11. Glanders.
Page 162 and 163: 146 BACTERIOSESINFECTION CAUSED BY
Page 164 and 165: 148 BACTERIOSESDiagnosis: C. canimo
Page 166 and 167: 150 BACTERIOSESOccurrence in Animal
Page 170 and 171: 154 BACTERIOSESIt is difficult to d
Page 172 and 173: 156 BACTERIOSESConvit, J., M.E. Pin
Page 174 and 175: 158 BACTERIOSESthrough filters that
Page 176 and 177: 160 BACTERIOSESCattle of all ages a
Page 178 and 179: 162 BACTERIOSESFigure 12. Leptospir
Page 180 and 181: 164 BACTERIOSESThe same diagnostic
Page 182 and 183: 166 BACTERIOSESare the protective a
Page 184 and 185: 168 BACTERIOSESSulzer, C.R., W.L. J
Page 186 and 187: 170 BACTERIOSESserovars 4d and 4b o
Page 188 and 189: 172 BACTERIOSESwhite nodules. Some
Page 190 and 191: 174 BACTERIOSESbloodstream or place
Page 192 and 193: 176 BACTERIOSESAt present, contamin
Page 194 and 195: 178 BACTERIOSESMcLauchlin, J. Human
Page 196 and 197: 180 BACTERIOSEStries of the former
Page 198 and 199: 182 BACTERIOSESvae and nymphs found
Page 200 and 201: 184 BACTERIOSESOliver, J.N., M.R. O
Page 202 and 203: MELIOIDOSIS 185bacteria that lives
Page 204 and 205: MELIOIDOSIS 187with the soil. In th
Page 206 and 207: MELIOIDOSIS 189BibliographyAppassak
Page 208 and 209: NECROBACILLOSISICD-10 A48.8 other s
Page 210 and 211: 192 BACTERIOSESstimulates prolifera
Page 212 and 213: 194 BACTERIOSESgen) of B. nodosus i
Page 214 and 215: 196 BACTERIOSEStoward remission. Th
Page 216 and 217: 198 BACTERIOSESDiagnosis: Microscop
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200 BACTERIOSESsist of infected bit
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202 BACTERIOSESP. multocida is also
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204 BACTERIOSESby means of aerosols
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206 BACTERIOSESIrwin, M.R., S. McCo
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208 BACTERIOSESFrom 1958 to 1979, 4
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210 BACTERIOSESTable 2. Number of c
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212 BACTERIOSESBacteremia is presen
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214 BACTERIOSESvectors are characte
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216 BACTERIOSESwhich is very effect
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218 BACTERIOSESUnited States of Ame
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220 BACTERIOSESThe Disease in Anima
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222 BACTERIOSESFigure 16. Pseudotub
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224 BACTERIOSESMeats and other anim
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226 BACTERIOSESRAT-BITE FEVERICD-10
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228 BACTERIOSESincorrect. It is a s
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230 BACTERIOSESCases are more frequ
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232 BACTERIOSESmuch more accurate t
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234 BACTERIOSEShuman strains. Epide
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236 BACTERIOSESOccurrence in Animal
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238 BACTERIOSESture to normal. Sign
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240 BACTERIOSESSalmonellosis is fre
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242 BACTERIOSESfecal matter can exp
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244 BACTERIOSESThe results of many
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246 BACTERIOSESPoehn, H.P. Salmonel
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248 BACTERIOSESdren aged 1 to 5 yea
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250 BACTERIOSESA live streptomycin-
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252 BACTERIOSESIn the US during the
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254 BACTERIOSESunsuccessful in isol
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256 BACTERIOSESBergdoll, M.S., C.R.
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258 BACTERIOSESgroup D. There are o
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260 BACTERIOSESmonia, and arthritis
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262 BACTERIOSESInfection caused by
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264 BACTERIOSESClifton-Hadley, F.A.
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TETANUSICD-10 A33 tetanus neonatoru
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TETANUS 267Table 4. Distribution of
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TETANUS 269toxigenic strains of C.
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TICK-BORNE RELAPSING FEVER 271Unite
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TICK-BORNE RELAPSING FEVER 273Figur
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TULAREMIA 275TULAREMIAICD-10 A21.0
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TULAREMIA 277rotic. In untreated ca
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TULAREMIA 279Figure 19. Tularemia.
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TULAREMIA 281Union, where tularemia
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ZOONOTIC TUBERCULOSIS 283ZOONOTIC T
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ZOONOTIC TUBERCULOSIS 285European c
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ZOONOTIC TUBERCULOSIS 287Persons wi
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ZOONOTIC TUBERCULOSIS 289Most cases
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ZOONOTIC TUBERCULOSIS 291ent in wil
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ZOONOTIC TUBERCULOSIS 293In South A
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ZOONOTIC TUBERCULOSIS 295and 101 an
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ZOONOTIC TUBERCULOSIS 297de Kantor,
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ZOONOTIC TUBERCULOSIS 299Schonfeld,
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ADIASPIROMYCOSISICD-10 B48.8Synonym
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ASPERGILLOSIS 305Mason, R.W., M. Ga
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ASPERGILLOSIS 307chitis, bronchiect
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ASPERGILLOSIS 309posing factors and
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BLASTOMYCOSIS 311BLASTOMYCOSISICD-1
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BLASTOMYCOSIS 313form lesions on ex
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CANDIDIASIS 315Klein, B.S., J.M. Ve
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CANDIDIASIS 317tion may occur in an
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CANDIDIASIS 319Control: Neonatal ca
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COCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS 321Colombia, Gua
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COCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS 323and kidneys.
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COCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS 325Borelli, D. P
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CRYPTOCOCCOSIS 327has grown worldwi
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CRYPTOCOCCOSIS 329formans,favoring
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CRYPTOCOCCOSIS 331Gordon, M.A. Curr
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DERMATOPHYTOSIS 333M. canis. The pe
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DERMATOPHYTOSIS 335Topical treatmen
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DERMATOPHYTOSIS 337Diagnosis: Clini
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HISTOPLASMOSIS 339Sparkes, A.H., T.
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HISTOPLASMOSIS 341mediastinal nodes
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HISTOPLASMOSIS 343case in outbreaks
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MYCETOMA 345Sweany, H.C., ed. Histo
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MYCETOMA 347Diagnosis: Microscopic
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PROTOTHECOSIS 349organs affected. W
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RHINOSPORIDIOSIS 351The disease is
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SPOROTRICHOSIS 353(Coles et al., 19
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SPOROTRICHOSIS 355Diagnosis: Diagno
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ZYGOMYCOSIS 357Occurrence in Animal
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ZYGOMYCOSIS 359firmed severe necrog
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INDEXAAbortionbrucellosis, 43, 44-4
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INDEX 363whitmori (see Yersinia ent
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INDEX 365transmission, probable mod
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INDEX 367dermatonomous (see D. cong
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INDEX 369Exophiala jeanselmei, 345F
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INDEX 371brucellosis, 43, 45-47camp
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INDEX 373bovis, 107, 109, 111, 112,
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INDEX 375listeriosis, 171, 173melio
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INDEX 377sporotrichosis, 353strepto
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