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ZYGOMYCOSIS 359firmed severe necrogranulomatous rhinitis that went as deep as the palate. Lesionswere also confirmed in the lymph nodes and thorax. Conidiobolus incongruens wasisolated from the nasal lesions, parotid gland, submandibular glands, and the lungs.The most important histopathological change was a severe granulomatous inflammationthat contained small eosinophilic foci of coagulative necrosis. There werefungal hyphae in the center of these foci.To explain an outbreak of this magnitude, the authors assume that the infectionwas influenced by environmental factors. After a rainy winter, grass grew plentifully;it was cut, and the cuttings began to decompose. Additional rain, heat, humidity,and the presence of decomposing plants created conditions favorable to proliferationof the etiologic agent (Carrigan et al., 1992).In dogs and cats, the disease usually affects the gastrointestinal tract and mortalityis very high. Lesions of the stomach or small intestine are accompanied by vomiting,and lesions in the colon are accompanied by diarrhea and tenesmus (Ader, 1979).Source of Infection and Mode of Transmission: Zygomycetes are ubiquitoussaprophytes that produce a large number of spores; they are common inhabitants ofdecomposing organic material and food, and are found in the gastrointestinal tract ofreptiles and amphibians. Humans contract the infection through inhalation, inoculation,and contamination of the skin by spores, and sometimes through ingestion. Thecommon route of entry is the nose, by inhalation of spores. Debilitating diseases,such as diabetes mellitus, and prolonged treatment with immunosuppressants andantibiotics, are important causal factors of mucormycosis. Mucoraceae spores probablydo not germinate in individuals with intact immune systems, judging fromexperimental tests in laboratory animals. However, some cases have been describedin apparently normal people with no known underlying disease. Subcutaneous entomophthoromycosisdue to Basidiobolus develops as a result of direct inoculation bythorns, and the disease caused by Conidiobolus spp. is contracted through inhalation.Entomophthoromycosis generally occurs in healthy individuals with no preexistingdisease.In domestic animals, the digestive route of infection seems to be more importantthan inhalation.Role of Animals in the Epidemiology of the Disease: Humans and animals contractthe infection from a common source in the environment. The infection is nottransmitted from one individual to another (man or animal).Diagnosis: Diagnosis is based on confirmation of the agent’s presence in scrapingsor biopsies of lesions by means of direct microscopic examination or by culture.Zygomycetes in tissue can be identified by their large nonseptate hyphae. The speciesof fungus can only be determined by culture and spore identification (Ader, 1979). Anindirect ELISA test with a homogenate of Rhizopus arrhizus and Rhizomucor pusilluscan be useful for diagnosing mucormycosis. This test was able to detect 33 of 43 casesof mucormycosis. The sensitivity of the test is 81% and the specificity is 94%. It cannotdetermine the genus or the species of the causal agent (Kaufman et al., 1989).Control: Human zygomycosis can be prevented in many cases by proper treatmentof metabolic disorders, especially diabetes mellitus. Prolonged treatment withantibiotics and corticosteroids should be limited to those cases in which it isabsolutely necessary. Animals should not be allowed to consume moldy fodder.
360 MYCOSESBibliographyAder, P.L. Phycomycosis in fifteen dogs and two cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 174:1216–1223, 1979.Ainsworth, G.C., P.K.C. Austwick. Fungal Diseases of Animals. 2nd ed. Farnham Royal,Slough, United Kingdom: Commonwealth Agricultural Bureau; 1973.Ajello, L., L.K. Georg, W. Kaplan, L. Kaufman. Laboratory Manual for MedicalMycology. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1963. (Public HealthService Publication 994).Bittencourt, A.L., G. Serra, M. Sadigursky, M.G.S. Araujo, M.C.S. Campos, L.C.M.Sampaio. Subcutaneous zygomycosis caused by Basidiobolus hapthoporus: Presentation of acase mimicking Burkitt’s lymphoma. Am J Trop Med Hyg 31:370–373, 1982.Carter, G.R. Diagnostic Procedures in Veterinary Microbiology. 2nd ed. Springfield:Thomas; 1973.Carter, G.R., M.M. Chengappa. Essentials of Veterinary Bacteriology and Mycology. 4thed. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger; 1991.Carrigan, M.J., A.C. Small, G.H. Perry. Ovine nasal zygomycosis caused by Conidiobolusincongruus. Aust Vet J 69:237–240, 1992.Chihaya, Y., K. Matsukawa, K. Ohshima, et al. A pathological study of bovine alimentarymycosis. J Comp Pathol 197:195–206, 1992.Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences (CIOMS). Vol 2: InfectiousDiseases; Part 2: Mycoses. In: International Nomenclature of Diseases. Geneva:CIOMS; 1982.González-Mendoza, A. Opportunistic mycoses. In: Pan American Health Organization.Proceedings: International Symposium on Mycoses. Washington, D.C.: PAHO; 1970.(Scientific Publication 205).Greenham, R. Subcutaneous phycomycosis: Not always benign. Lancet 1:97:98, 1979.Ingram, C.W., J. Sennesh, J.N. Cooper, J.R. Perfect. Disseminated zygomycosis: Report offour cases and review. Rev Infect Dis 11:741–754, 1989.Kaufman, L., L.F. Turner, D.W. McLaughlin. Indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assayfor zygomycosis. J Clin Microbiol 27:1979–1982, 1989.Kelly, S., N. Gill, M.S.R. Hutt. Subcutaneous phycomycosis in Sierra Leone. Trans Roy SocTrop Med Hyg 74:396–397, 1980.Miller, R.I., R.S.F. Campbell. Clinical observations on equine phycomycosis. Aust Vet J58:221–226, 1982.Reed, W.M., C. Hanika, N.A.Q. Mehdi, C. Shackelford. Gastrointestinal zygomycosis insuckling pigs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 191:549–550, 1987.Richard, J.L. Phycomycoses. In: Hubbert, W.T., W.F. McCulloch, P.R. Schnurrenberger,eds. Diseases Transmitted from Animals to Man. 6th ed. Springfield: Thomas; 1975.Sanford, S.E., G.K.A. Josephson, E.H. Waters. Submandibulary and disseminated zygomycosis(mucormycosis) in feeder pigs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 186:171–174, 1985.Soltys, M.A. Bacteria and Fungi Pathogenic to Man and Animals. London: Baillière-Tindall; 1963.Sugar, A.M. Agents of mucormycosis and related species. In: Mandell, G.L., R.G. Douglas,Jr., J.E. Bennett, eds. Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. 3rd ed. New York:Churchill Livingstone Inc.; 1990.Yangco, B.G., J.I. Okafor, D. TeStrake. In vitro susceptibilities of human and wild-typeisolates of Basidiobolus and Conidiobolus species. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 25:413–416, 1984.
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ZOONOSES AND COMMUNICABLE DISEASESC
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CONTENTSPrologue . . . . . . . . .
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CONTENTSv7. Caprine and ovine bruce
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viiiPROLOGUEevaluation and in the d
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PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITIONThe fi
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PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITIONxiiiMr
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ACTINOMYCOSISICD-10 A42.9Synonyms:
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ACTINOMYCOSIS 5Infections and patho
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AEROMONIASIS 7shown that the clinic
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AEROMONIASIS 9congested area to ble
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AEROMONIASIS 11and depression. Desp
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AEROMONIASIS 13Angelini, N.M., G.N.
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ANIMAL ERYSIPELAS AND HUMAN ERYSIPE
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ANTHRAX 21Wood, R.L., R. Harrington
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ANTHRAX 23tive through culture and
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ANTHRAX 25Figure 2. Anthrax. Transm
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ANTHRAX 27reactions and the recomme
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BOTULISMICD-10 A05.1Synonyms: Allan
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30 BACTERIOSESFigure 3. Botulism (t
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32 BACTERIOSESFigure 4. Reported ca
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34 BACTERIOSESan 18-week-old child.
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36 BACTERIOSESOutbreaks with high d
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38 BACTERIOSESDiagnosis: Clinical d
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40 BACTERIOSESlogical study on 70 s
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42 BACTERIOSESwere recorded in 1947
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44 BACTERIOSESthe disease can vary
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46 BACTERIOSESOnce an infected cow
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48 BACTERIOSESSeveral researchers h
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50 BACTERIOSESwhich is the reservoi
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52 BACTERIOSESFigure 5. Bovine bruc
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54 BACTERIOSESby rectal or preputia
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56 BACTERIOSESing the two-year foll
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58 BACTERIOSESThe complement fixati
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60 BACTERIOSESin various countries
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62 BACTERIOSESAs goats are generall
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64 BACTERIOSESCorbel, M.J., F.A. St
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66 BACTERIOSESPfischner, W.C.E., K.
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CAMPYLOBACTERIOSISICD-10 A04.5 camp
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CAMPYLOBACTERIOSIS 69fever, abdomin
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CAMPYLOBACTERIOSIS 71The infection
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CAMPYLOBACTERIOSIS 73Occurrence in
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CAMPYLOBACTERIOSIS 75Figure 9. Camp
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CAMPYLOBACTERIOSIS 77BibliographyAn
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CAT-SCRATCH DISEASE 79ganism belong
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CAT-SCRATCH DISEASE 81BibliographyA
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CLOSTRIDIAL FOOD POISONING 83from t
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CLOSTRIDIAL FOOD POISONING 85lambs
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CLOSTRIDIAL WOUND INFECTIONS 87Pres
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CLOSTRIDIAL WOUND INFECTIONS 89Diag
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COLIBACILLOSIS 91Geographic Distrib
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COLIBACILLOSIS 93K99). Although F4
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COLIBACILLOSIS 95CATTLE: Calf diarr
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COLIBACILLOSIS 97In the case of dia
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CORYNEBACTERIOSIS 99Robins-Browne,
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CORYNEBACTERIOSIS 101Two different
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DERMATOPHILOSIS 103Corynebacterium
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104 BACTERIOSESlesions. Subsequentl
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106 BACTERIOSES1% alum dips. In chr
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108 BACTERIOSESThe mycobacteria tha
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110 BACTERIOSESBritish Columbia (Ca
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112 BACTERIOSESand M. fortuitum. St
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114 BACTERIOSESlish themselves in n
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116 BACTERIOSESGruft, H., J.O. Falk
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118 BACTERIOSESThere are various sc
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120 BACTERIOSESSource of Infection
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122 BACTERIOSES127:179-187, 1988. C
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ENTEROCOLITIC YERSINIOSIS 123tive w
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ENTEROCOLITIC YERSINIOSIS 125Althou
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ENTEROCOLITIC YERSINIOSIS 127Figure
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ENTEROCOLITIC YERSINIOSIS 129mates
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ENTEROCOLITIC YERSINIOSIS 131Farmer
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ENTEROCOLITIS DUE TO CLOSTRIDIUM DI
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FOOD POISONING CAUSED BY VIBRIO PAR
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FOOD POISONING CAUSED BY VIBRIO PAR
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GLANDERSICD-10 A24.0Synonyms: Farcy
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144 BACTERIOSESFigure 11. Glanders.
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146 BACTERIOSESINFECTION CAUSED BY
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148 BACTERIOSESDiagnosis: C. canimo
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150 BACTERIOSESOccurrence in Animal
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152 BACTERIOSEScutaneous lesions ar
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154 BACTERIOSESIt is difficult to d
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156 BACTERIOSESConvit, J., M.E. Pin
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158 BACTERIOSESthrough filters that
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160 BACTERIOSESCattle of all ages a
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162 BACTERIOSESFigure 12. Leptospir
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164 BACTERIOSESThe same diagnostic
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166 BACTERIOSESare the protective a
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168 BACTERIOSESSulzer, C.R., W.L. J
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170 BACTERIOSESserovars 4d and 4b o
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172 BACTERIOSESwhite nodules. Some
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174 BACTERIOSESbloodstream or place
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176 BACTERIOSESAt present, contamin
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178 BACTERIOSESMcLauchlin, J. Human
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180 BACTERIOSEStries of the former
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182 BACTERIOSESvae and nymphs found
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184 BACTERIOSESOliver, J.N., M.R. O
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MELIOIDOSIS 185bacteria that lives
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MELIOIDOSIS 187with the soil. In th
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MELIOIDOSIS 189BibliographyAppassak
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NECROBACILLOSISICD-10 A48.8 other s
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192 BACTERIOSESstimulates prolifera
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194 BACTERIOSESgen) of B. nodosus i
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196 BACTERIOSEStoward remission. Th
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198 BACTERIOSESDiagnosis: Microscop
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200 BACTERIOSESsist of infected bit
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202 BACTERIOSESP. multocida is also
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204 BACTERIOSESby means of aerosols
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206 BACTERIOSESIrwin, M.R., S. McCo
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208 BACTERIOSESFrom 1958 to 1979, 4
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210 BACTERIOSESTable 2. Number of c
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212 BACTERIOSESBacteremia is presen
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214 BACTERIOSESvectors are characte
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216 BACTERIOSESwhich is very effect
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218 BACTERIOSESUnited States of Ame
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220 BACTERIOSESThe Disease in Anima
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222 BACTERIOSESFigure 16. Pseudotub
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224 BACTERIOSESMeats and other anim
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226 BACTERIOSESRAT-BITE FEVERICD-10
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228 BACTERIOSESincorrect. It is a s
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230 BACTERIOSESCases are more frequ
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232 BACTERIOSESmuch more accurate t
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234 BACTERIOSEShuman strains. Epide
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236 BACTERIOSESOccurrence in Animal
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238 BACTERIOSESture to normal. Sign
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240 BACTERIOSESSalmonellosis is fre
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242 BACTERIOSESfecal matter can exp
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244 BACTERIOSESThe results of many
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246 BACTERIOSESPoehn, H.P. Salmonel
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248 BACTERIOSESdren aged 1 to 5 yea
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250 BACTERIOSESA live streptomycin-
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252 BACTERIOSESIn the US during the
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254 BACTERIOSESunsuccessful in isol
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256 BACTERIOSESBergdoll, M.S., C.R.
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258 BACTERIOSESgroup D. There are o
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260 BACTERIOSESmonia, and arthritis
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262 BACTERIOSESInfection caused by
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264 BACTERIOSESClifton-Hadley, F.A.
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TETANUSICD-10 A33 tetanus neonatoru
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TETANUS 267Table 4. Distribution of
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TETANUS 269toxigenic strains of C.
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TICK-BORNE RELAPSING FEVER 271Unite
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TICK-BORNE RELAPSING FEVER 273Figur
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TULAREMIA 275TULAREMIAICD-10 A21.0
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TULAREMIA 277rotic. In untreated ca
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TULAREMIA 279Figure 19. Tularemia.
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TULAREMIA 281Union, where tularemia
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ZOONOTIC TUBERCULOSIS 283ZOONOTIC T
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ZOONOTIC TUBERCULOSIS 285European c
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ZOONOTIC TUBERCULOSIS 287Persons wi
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ZOONOTIC TUBERCULOSIS 289Most cases
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ZOONOTIC TUBERCULOSIS 291ent in wil
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ZOONOTIC TUBERCULOSIS 293In South A
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ZOONOTIC TUBERCULOSIS 295and 101 an
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ZOONOTIC TUBERCULOSIS 297de Kantor,
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ZOONOTIC TUBERCULOSIS 299Schonfeld,
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ADIASPIROMYCOSISICD-10 B48.8Synonym
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ASPERGILLOSIS 305Mason, R.W., M. Ga
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ASPERGILLOSIS 307chitis, bronchiect
Page 326 and 327: ASPERGILLOSIS 309posing factors and
Page 328 and 329: BLASTOMYCOSIS 311BLASTOMYCOSISICD-1
Page 330 and 331: BLASTOMYCOSIS 313form lesions on ex
Page 332 and 333: CANDIDIASIS 315Klein, B.S., J.M. Ve
Page 334 and 335: CANDIDIASIS 317tion may occur in an
Page 336 and 337: CANDIDIASIS 319Control: Neonatal ca
Page 338 and 339: COCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS 321Colombia, Gua
Page 340 and 341: COCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS 323and kidneys.
Page 342 and 343: COCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS 325Borelli, D. P
Page 344 and 345: CRYPTOCOCCOSIS 327has grown worldwi
Page 346 and 347: CRYPTOCOCCOSIS 329formans,favoring
Page 348 and 349: CRYPTOCOCCOSIS 331Gordon, M.A. Curr
Page 350 and 351: DERMATOPHYTOSIS 333M. canis. The pe
Page 352 and 353: DERMATOPHYTOSIS 335Topical treatmen
Page 354 and 355: DERMATOPHYTOSIS 337Diagnosis: Clini
Page 356 and 357: HISTOPLASMOSIS 339Sparkes, A.H., T.
Page 358 and 359: HISTOPLASMOSIS 341mediastinal nodes
Page 360 and 361: HISTOPLASMOSIS 343case in outbreaks
Page 362 and 363: MYCETOMA 345Sweany, H.C., ed. Histo
Page 364 and 365: MYCETOMA 347Diagnosis: Microscopic
Page 366 and 367: PROTOTHECOSIS 349organs affected. W
Page 368 and 369: RHINOSPORIDIOSIS 351The disease is
Page 370 and 371: SPOROTRICHOSIS 353(Coles et al., 19
Page 372 and 373: SPOROTRICHOSIS 355Diagnosis: Diagno
Page 374 and 375: ZYGOMYCOSIS 357Occurrence in Animal
Page 378 and 379: INDEXAAbortionbrucellosis, 43, 44-4
Page 380 and 381: INDEX 363whitmori (see Yersinia ent
Page 382 and 383: INDEX 365transmission, probable mod
Page 384 and 385: INDEX 367dermatonomous (see D. cong
Page 386 and 387: INDEX 369Exophiala jeanselmei, 345F
Page 388 and 389: INDEX 371brucellosis, 43, 45-47camp
Page 390 and 391: INDEX 373bovis, 107, 109, 111, 112,
Page 392 and 393: INDEX 375listeriosis, 171, 173melio
Page 394 and 395: INDEX 377sporotrichosis, 353strepto
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