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ASPERGILLOSIS 305Mason, R.W., M. Gauhwin. Adiaspiromycosis in South Australian hairy-nosed wombats(Lasiorhinus latifrons). J Wildl Dis 18:3–8, 1982.Moraes, N.A., M.C. de Almeida, A.N. Raick. Caso fatal de adiaspiromicose pulmonarhumana. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 31:188–194, 1989.Peres, L.C., F. Figueiredo, M. Peinado, F.A. Soares. Fulminant disseminated pulmonaryadiaspiromycosis in humans. Am J Trop Med Hyg 46:146–150, 1992.Salfelder, K. New and uncommon opportunistic fungal infections. In:Pan American HealthOrganization. Proceedings of the Third International Conference on the Mycoses.Washington, D.C.: PAHO; 1975. (Scientific Publication 304).ASPERGILLOSISICD-10 B44.0 invasive pulmonary aspergillosis;B44.1 other pulmonary aspergillosis;B44.7 disseminated aspergillosis; B44.8 other forms of aspergillosisSynonyms: Pneumonomycosis, bronchomycosis (in animals).Etiology: Aspergillus fumigatus and occasionally other species of the genusAspergillus, such as A. flavus, A. nidulans, A. niger, and A. terreus. These saprophyticfungi are common components of the soil microflora; they play an importantrole in the decomposition of organic matter.Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus are known for their production of aflatoxinsin oleaginous grains and seeds such as corn, rice, peanuts, and cottonseeds storedunder damp conditions. Aflatoxin B 1is hepatotoxic and carcinogenic for humansand animals. These fungi do not produce the aflatoxin in animal tissue. Thus, thischapter covers only infection by Aspergillus spp.Geographic Distribution: The fungus is ubiquitous and distributed worldwide.The disease has no particular distribution.Occurrence in Man: Aspergillosis occurs sporadically and is uncommon. Itsincidence, as is that of other opportunistic mycoses 1 (candidiasis, zygomycosis), isincreasing due to the growing use of antibiotics, antimetabolites, and corticosteroids.It occurs frequently in advanced cases of cancer. Small nosocomial outbreakshave also been reported (see section on the disease in man).In Mexico, aspergillosis lesions were found in 1.2% of more than 2,000 randomautopsies performed in a general hospital (González-Mendoza, 1970).Occurrence in Animals: Sporadic cases have been described in many species ofdomestic and wild mammals and birds. The disease in fowl and cattle has economic1Mycoses that attack debilitated persons or those treated over a long period with antibiotics,antimetabolites, or corticosteroids.