zoonoses and communicable diseases common to ... - PAHO/WHO

TULAREMIA 281Union, where tularemia was an important health problem, anti-tularemia instituteshave been established in epizootic regions to carry out these control activities.An important protective measure consists of immunizing at-risk individuals, populations,or occupational groups with attenuated live vaccines. In the former SovietUnion, the drastic reduction achieved in human morbidity is attributed to this singleactivity. In the US, there is an attenuated vaccine for high-risk groups (Burke, 1977)that has proven effective in reducing the incidence of the typhoidal form and attenuatingthe ulceroglandular form (Rohrbach, 1988). Other protective measures consistof using insect repellents and protective clothing to avoid tick infestation andbites of other arthropods, promptly removing ticks from the body, using gloves tohandle and skin wild animals, avoiding consumption of untreated water in areaswhere contamination by F. tularensis is suspected, and thoroughly cooking wild animalmeat in enzootic areas.Controlling the infection in sheep involves applying tickicides by spray or dip,and administering antibiotics (streptomycin, tetracyclines) in case of an outbreak.BibliographyAkerman, M.B., J.A. Embil. Antibodies to Francisella tularensis in the snowshoe hare(Lepus americanus struthopus) populations of Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island and inthe moose (Alces alces americana Clinton) population of Nova Scotia. Can J Microbiol28:403–405, 1982.Arata, A., H. Chamsa, A. Farhang-Azad, O. Mescerjakova, V. Neronov, S. Saidi. First detectionof tularaemia in domestic and wild mammals in Iran. Bull World Health Organ49:597–603, 1973.Baldwin, C.J., R.J. Panciera, R.J. Morton, et al. Acute tularemia in three domestic cats. JAm Vet Med Assoc 199:1602–1605, 1991.Bell, J.F, J.R. Reilly. Tularemia. In:Davis, J.W., L.H. Karstad, D.O. Trainer, eds. InfectiousDiseases of Wild Mammals. 2nd ed. Ames: Iowa State University Press; 1981.Benenson, A.S., ed. Control of Communicable Diseases in Man. 15th ed. An official reportof the American Public Health Association. Washington, D.C.: American Public HealthAssociation; 1990.Boyce, J.M. Francisella tularensis (Tularemia). In: Mandell, G.L., R.G. Douglas, Jr., J.E.Bennett, eds. Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. 3rd ed. New York: ChurchillLivingstone, Inc.; 1990.Burke, D.S. Immunization against tularemia: Analysis of the effectiveness of liveFrancisella tularensis vaccine in prevention of laboratory-acquired tularemia. J Infect Dis135:55–60, 1977.Capellan, J., I.W. Fong. Tularemia from a cat bite: Case report and review of feline-associatedtularemia. Clin Infect Dis 16:472–475, 1993.Frank, F.W., W.A. Meinershagen. Tularemia epizootic in sheep. Vet Med 56:374–378, 1961.Gelman, A.C. Tularemia. In: May, J.M., ed. Studies in Disease Ecology. New York:Hafner; 1961.Hornick, R.B. Tularemia. In: Hoeprich, P.D., ed. Infectious Diseases. Hagerstown: Harper& Row; 1972.Marsh, H. Newsom’s Sheep Diseases. 2nd ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins; 1958.McKeever, S., J.H. Schubert, M.D. Moody, et al. Natural ocurrence of tularemia in marsupials,carnivores, lagomorphs, and large rodents in southwestern Georgia and northwesternFlorida. J Infect Dis 103:120–126, 1958.Meyer, K.F. Pasteurella and Francisella. In: Dubos, R.J., J.G. Hirsch, eds. Bacterial andMycotic Infections of Man. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott; 1965.