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HISTOPLASMOSIS 343case in outbreaks on the Indianapolis campus of Indiana University, where buildingdemolition and excavation led to many human cases (see the section on occurrencein man).In dogs, the disease appears more frequently in working and sporting breeds.Role of Animals in the Epidemiology of the Disease: Both man and animals areaccidental hosts of the etiologic agent and do not play a role in maintaining or transmittingthe infection. Only certain bat species are thought to play an active role indisseminating the infection, in addition to contributing to its development by meansof their droppings. However, further study is needed to assess the role of bats inspreading the agent from one roost to another, and to determine the susceptibility ofcertain species to histoplasmosis (Hoff and Bigler, 1981).Diagnosis: Laboratory diagnosis can be performed through microscopic examinationof stained smears; immunofluorescence using clinical specimens such as sputum,ulcer exudate, and other materials; isolation in culture media; inoculation ofmice; and examination of histopathologic sections (bone marrow, lung, liver, andspleen). In the acute pulmonary form, radiological findings of pulmonary infiltratesand hilar adenopathy, combined with data indicating that the patient comes from anendemic area and has symptoms compatible with histoplasmosis, are enough toestablish a presumptive diagnosis.Disseminated histoplasmosis is diagnosed by culturing the blood, bone marrow,urine, or other extrapulmonary tissues, or through biopsy and histopathology. Severeacute, but not chronic, histoplasmosis can be diagnosed using a peripheral bloodsmear with Wright or Giemsa stain. Biopsy material from the liver or material fromoropharyngeal ulcers stained with silver methenamine yields good results (Loyd etal., 1990).The histoplasmin test is administered like the tuberculin test and read at 24 and48 hours. Sensitivity is established one to two months after infection and lasts formany years. Although this test is extremely value for epidemiological research, itsusefulness is limited in clinical diagnosis. It is advisable to administer the testtogether with the coccidioidin and blastomycin tests because of cross-reactions. Anegative test in a patient can indicate that the infection is recent or that the diseasehas a different etiology.Serological tests (complement fixation, immunodiffusion, radioimmunoassay,enzyme immunoassay, precipitation, latex agglutination) are useful for diagnosis butnot very sensitive or specific. Tests for blastomycosis and coccidioidomycosisshould be performed at the same time. It should be kept in mind that a histoplasmintest can produce antibodies; thus, it is recommended that the blood sample be takenwhen the allergy test is conducted. It is expected that a test that detects H. capsulatumantigen in serum and urine will give more specific results (Wheat et al., 1986).Control: The principal protection measure consists of reducing people’s exposureto dust by spraying with a 3%–5% formalin solution on the ground when cleaninghenhouses or other potentially contaminated sites. The use of protective masks hasbeen recommended. Control of natural foci is difficult. During one outbreak, it waspossible to eradicate the fungus from its natural foci by spraying the soil with formol.
344 MYCOSESBibliographyAjello, L. Comparative ecology of respiratory mycotic disease agents. Bact Rev 31:6–24, 1967.Ajello, L., W. Kaplan. Systemic mycoses. In: Stoenner, H., W. Kaplan, M. Torten, eds.Section A, Vol 2: CRC Handbook Series in Zoonoses. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 1980.Benenson, A.S., ed. Control of Communicable Diseases in Man. 15th ed. An official reportof the American Public Health Association. Washington, D.C.: American Public HealthAssociation; 1990.Borelli, D. Prevalence of systemic mycoses in Latin America. In: Pan American HealthOrganization. Proceedings: International Symposium on Mycoses. Washington, D.C.: PAHO;1970. (Scientific Publication 205).Clinkenbeard, K.D., R.L. Cowell, R.D. Tyler. Disseminated histoplasmosis in cats: 12 cases(1981–1986). J Am Vet Med Assoc 190:1445–1448, 1987.Cole, C.R., R.L. Farrell, D.M. Chamberlain, et al. Histoplasmosis in animals. J Am Vet MedAssoc 122:471–473, 1953.Conces, D.J., S.M. Stockberger, R.D. Tarver, I.J. Wheat. Disseminated histoplasmosis inAIDS: Findings on chest radiographs. Am J Roentgenol 160:15–19, 1993.Coulanges, P. L’histoplasmose a grandes formes (H. duboisii) a Madagascar (A propos de 3cas). Arch Inst Pasteur Madagascar 56:169–174, 1989.González Menocal, I., M. Suárez Menéndez, L. Pérez González, J. Díaz Rodríguez. Estudioclínico-epidemiológico de un brote de histoplasmosis pulmonar en el Municipio de Morón.Rev Cubana Hig Epidemiol 28:179–183, 1990.Hamilton, A.J., M.A. Bartholomew, L. Fenelon, et al. Preparation of monoclonal antibodiesthat differentiate between Histoplasma capsulatum variant capsulatum and H. capsulatumvariant duboisii. Trans Roy Soc Trop Med Hyg 84:425–428, 1990.Hoff, G.L., W.J. Bigler. The role of bats in the propagation and spread of histoplasmosis: Areview. J Wild Dis 17:191–196, 1981.Johnson, P.C., N. Khardori, A.F. Naijar, et al. Progressive disseminated histoplasmosis inpatients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Am J Med 85:152–158, 1988.Kaplan, W. Epidemiology of the principal systemic mycoses of man and lower animals andthe ecology of their etiologic agents. J Am Vet Med Assoc 163:1043–1047, 1973.Loyd, J.E., R.M. Des Prez, R.A. Goodwin, Jr. Histoplasma capsulatum. In Mandell, G.L.,R.G. Douglas, Jr., J.E. Bennett, eds. Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. 3rd ed.New York: Churchill Livingstone Inc.; 1990.Manson-Bahr, P.E.C., F.I.C. Apted. Manson’s Tropical Diseases. 18th ed. London: Baillière-Tindall; 1982.Menges, R.W., R.T. Habermann, L.A. Selby, H.R. Ellis, R.F. Behlow, C.D. Smith. A reviewand recent findings of histoplasmosis in animals. Vet Med 58:334–338, 1963.Miranda Novales, M.G., F. Solórzano Santos, H. Díaz Ponce, et al. Histoplasmosis diseminadaen pediatría. Bol Med Hosp Infant Mex 50:272–275, 1993.Negroni, P. Histoplasmosis: Diagnosis and Treatment. Springfield: Thomas; 1965.Negroni, P. Micosis cutáneas y viscerales. 5.ª ed. Buenos Aires: López; 1972.Negroni, R., A. Taborda, A.M. Robles, A. Archevala. Itraconazole in the treatment of histoplasmosisassociated with AIDS. Mycoses 35:281–287, 1992.Organización Panamericana de la Salud (OPS). Histoplasmosis en México, 1979–1980. BolEpidemiol 2:12–13, 1981.Sanger, V.L. Histoplasmosis. In: Davis, J.W., L.H. Karstad, D.O. Trainer, eds. InfectiousDiseases of Wild Mammals. Ames: Iowa State University Press; 1970.Schlech, W.F., L.J. Wheat, J.L. Ho, M.L.V. French, R.J. Weeks, R.B. Kohler, et al. Recurrenturban histoplasmosis, Indianapolis, Indiana. 1980–1981. Am J Epidemiol 118:301–302, 1983.Selby, L.A. Histoplasmosis. In: Hubbert, W.T., W.F. McCulloch, P.R. Schnurrenberger, eds.Diseases Transmitted from Animals to Man. 6th ed. Springfield: Thomas; 1975.
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ZOONOSES AND COMMUNICABLE DISEASESC
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CONTENTSPrologue . . . . . . . . .
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CONTENTSv7. Caprine and ovine bruce
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viiiPROLOGUEevaluation and in the d
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PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITIONThe fi
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PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITIONxiiiMr
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ACTINOMYCOSISICD-10 A42.9Synonyms:
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ACTINOMYCOSIS 5Infections and patho
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AEROMONIASIS 7shown that the clinic
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AEROMONIASIS 9congested area to ble
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AEROMONIASIS 11and depression. Desp
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AEROMONIASIS 13Angelini, N.M., G.N.
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ANIMAL ERYSIPELAS AND HUMAN ERYSIPE
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ANTHRAX 21Wood, R.L., R. Harrington
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ANTHRAX 23tive through culture and
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ANTHRAX 25Figure 2. Anthrax. Transm
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ANTHRAX 27reactions and the recomme
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BOTULISMICD-10 A05.1Synonyms: Allan
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30 BACTERIOSESFigure 3. Botulism (t
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32 BACTERIOSESFigure 4. Reported ca
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34 BACTERIOSESan 18-week-old child.
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36 BACTERIOSESOutbreaks with high d
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38 BACTERIOSESDiagnosis: Clinical d
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40 BACTERIOSESlogical study on 70 s
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42 BACTERIOSESwere recorded in 1947
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44 BACTERIOSESthe disease can vary
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46 BACTERIOSESOnce an infected cow
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48 BACTERIOSESSeveral researchers h
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50 BACTERIOSESwhich is the reservoi
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52 BACTERIOSESFigure 5. Bovine bruc
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54 BACTERIOSESby rectal or preputia
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56 BACTERIOSESing the two-year foll
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58 BACTERIOSESThe complement fixati
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60 BACTERIOSESin various countries
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62 BACTERIOSESAs goats are generall
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64 BACTERIOSESCorbel, M.J., F.A. St
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66 BACTERIOSESPfischner, W.C.E., K.
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CAMPYLOBACTERIOSISICD-10 A04.5 camp
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CAMPYLOBACTERIOSIS 69fever, abdomin
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CAMPYLOBACTERIOSIS 71The infection
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CAMPYLOBACTERIOSIS 73Occurrence in
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CAMPYLOBACTERIOSIS 75Figure 9. Camp
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CAMPYLOBACTERIOSIS 77BibliographyAn
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CAT-SCRATCH DISEASE 79ganism belong
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CAT-SCRATCH DISEASE 81BibliographyA
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CLOSTRIDIAL FOOD POISONING 83from t
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CLOSTRIDIAL FOOD POISONING 85lambs
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CLOSTRIDIAL WOUND INFECTIONS 87Pres
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CLOSTRIDIAL WOUND INFECTIONS 89Diag
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COLIBACILLOSIS 91Geographic Distrib
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COLIBACILLOSIS 93K99). Although F4
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COLIBACILLOSIS 95CATTLE: Calf diarr
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COLIBACILLOSIS 97In the case of dia
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CORYNEBACTERIOSIS 99Robins-Browne,
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CORYNEBACTERIOSIS 101Two different
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DERMATOPHILOSIS 103Corynebacterium
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104 BACTERIOSESlesions. Subsequentl
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106 BACTERIOSES1% alum dips. In chr
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108 BACTERIOSESThe mycobacteria tha
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110 BACTERIOSESBritish Columbia (Ca
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112 BACTERIOSESand M. fortuitum. St
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114 BACTERIOSESlish themselves in n
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116 BACTERIOSESGruft, H., J.O. Falk
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118 BACTERIOSESThere are various sc
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120 BACTERIOSESSource of Infection
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122 BACTERIOSES127:179-187, 1988. C
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ENTEROCOLITIC YERSINIOSIS 123tive w
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ENTEROCOLITIC YERSINIOSIS 125Althou
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ENTEROCOLITIC YERSINIOSIS 127Figure
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ENTEROCOLITIC YERSINIOSIS 129mates
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ENTEROCOLITIC YERSINIOSIS 131Farmer
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ENTEROCOLITIS DUE TO CLOSTRIDIUM DI
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FOOD POISONING CAUSED BY VIBRIO PAR
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FOOD POISONING CAUSED BY VIBRIO PAR
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GLANDERSICD-10 A24.0Synonyms: Farcy
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144 BACTERIOSESFigure 11. Glanders.
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146 BACTERIOSESINFECTION CAUSED BY
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148 BACTERIOSESDiagnosis: C. canimo
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150 BACTERIOSESOccurrence in Animal
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152 BACTERIOSEScutaneous lesions ar
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154 BACTERIOSESIt is difficult to d
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156 BACTERIOSESConvit, J., M.E. Pin
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158 BACTERIOSESthrough filters that
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160 BACTERIOSESCattle of all ages a
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162 BACTERIOSESFigure 12. Leptospir
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164 BACTERIOSESThe same diagnostic
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166 BACTERIOSESare the protective a
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168 BACTERIOSESSulzer, C.R., W.L. J
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170 BACTERIOSESserovars 4d and 4b o
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172 BACTERIOSESwhite nodules. Some
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174 BACTERIOSESbloodstream or place
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176 BACTERIOSESAt present, contamin
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178 BACTERIOSESMcLauchlin, J. Human
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180 BACTERIOSEStries of the former
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182 BACTERIOSESvae and nymphs found
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184 BACTERIOSESOliver, J.N., M.R. O
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MELIOIDOSIS 185bacteria that lives
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MELIOIDOSIS 187with the soil. In th
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MELIOIDOSIS 189BibliographyAppassak
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NECROBACILLOSISICD-10 A48.8 other s
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192 BACTERIOSESstimulates prolifera
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194 BACTERIOSESgen) of B. nodosus i
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196 BACTERIOSEStoward remission. Th
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198 BACTERIOSESDiagnosis: Microscop
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200 BACTERIOSESsist of infected bit
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202 BACTERIOSESP. multocida is also
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204 BACTERIOSESby means of aerosols
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206 BACTERIOSESIrwin, M.R., S. McCo
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208 BACTERIOSESFrom 1958 to 1979, 4
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210 BACTERIOSESTable 2. Number of c
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212 BACTERIOSESBacteremia is presen
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214 BACTERIOSESvectors are characte
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216 BACTERIOSESwhich is very effect
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218 BACTERIOSESUnited States of Ame
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220 BACTERIOSESThe Disease in Anima
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222 BACTERIOSESFigure 16. Pseudotub
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224 BACTERIOSESMeats and other anim
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226 BACTERIOSESRAT-BITE FEVERICD-10
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228 BACTERIOSESincorrect. It is a s
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230 BACTERIOSESCases are more frequ
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232 BACTERIOSESmuch more accurate t
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234 BACTERIOSEShuman strains. Epide
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236 BACTERIOSESOccurrence in Animal
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238 BACTERIOSESture to normal. Sign
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240 BACTERIOSESSalmonellosis is fre
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242 BACTERIOSESfecal matter can exp
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244 BACTERIOSESThe results of many
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246 BACTERIOSESPoehn, H.P. Salmonel
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248 BACTERIOSESdren aged 1 to 5 yea
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250 BACTERIOSESA live streptomycin-
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252 BACTERIOSESIn the US during the
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254 BACTERIOSESunsuccessful in isol
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256 BACTERIOSESBergdoll, M.S., C.R.
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258 BACTERIOSESgroup D. There are o
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260 BACTERIOSESmonia, and arthritis
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262 BACTERIOSESInfection caused by
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264 BACTERIOSESClifton-Hadley, F.A.
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TETANUSICD-10 A33 tetanus neonatoru
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TETANUS 267Table 4. Distribution of
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TETANUS 269toxigenic strains of C.
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TICK-BORNE RELAPSING FEVER 271Unite
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TICK-BORNE RELAPSING FEVER 273Figur
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TULAREMIA 275TULAREMIAICD-10 A21.0
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TULAREMIA 277rotic. In untreated ca
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TULAREMIA 279Figure 19. Tularemia.
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TULAREMIA 281Union, where tularemia
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ZOONOTIC TUBERCULOSIS 283ZOONOTIC T
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ZOONOTIC TUBERCULOSIS 285European c
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ZOONOTIC TUBERCULOSIS 287Persons wi
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ZOONOTIC TUBERCULOSIS 289Most cases
Page 310 and 311: ZOONOTIC TUBERCULOSIS 291ent in wil
Page 312 and 313: ZOONOTIC TUBERCULOSIS 293In South A
Page 314 and 315: ZOONOTIC TUBERCULOSIS 295and 101 an
Page 316 and 317: ZOONOTIC TUBERCULOSIS 297de Kantor,
Page 318 and 319: ZOONOTIC TUBERCULOSIS 299Schonfeld,
Page 320 and 321: ADIASPIROMYCOSISICD-10 B48.8Synonym
Page 322 and 323: ASPERGILLOSIS 305Mason, R.W., M. Ga
Page 324 and 325: ASPERGILLOSIS 307chitis, bronchiect
Page 326 and 327: ASPERGILLOSIS 309posing factors and
Page 328 and 329: BLASTOMYCOSIS 311BLASTOMYCOSISICD-1
Page 330 and 331: BLASTOMYCOSIS 313form lesions on ex
Page 332 and 333: CANDIDIASIS 315Klein, B.S., J.M. Ve
Page 334 and 335: CANDIDIASIS 317tion may occur in an
Page 336 and 337: CANDIDIASIS 319Control: Neonatal ca
Page 338 and 339: COCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS 321Colombia, Gua
Page 340 and 341: COCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS 323and kidneys.
Page 342 and 343: COCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS 325Borelli, D. P
Page 344 and 345: CRYPTOCOCCOSIS 327has grown worldwi
Page 346 and 347: CRYPTOCOCCOSIS 329formans,favoring
Page 348 and 349: CRYPTOCOCCOSIS 331Gordon, M.A. Curr
Page 350 and 351: DERMATOPHYTOSIS 333M. canis. The pe
Page 352 and 353: DERMATOPHYTOSIS 335Topical treatmen
Page 354 and 355: DERMATOPHYTOSIS 337Diagnosis: Clini
Page 356 and 357: HISTOPLASMOSIS 339Sparkes, A.H., T.
Page 358 and 359: HISTOPLASMOSIS 341mediastinal nodes
Page 362 and 363: MYCETOMA 345Sweany, H.C., ed. Histo
Page 364 and 365: MYCETOMA 347Diagnosis: Microscopic
Page 366 and 367: PROTOTHECOSIS 349organs affected. W
Page 368 and 369: RHINOSPORIDIOSIS 351The disease is
Page 370 and 371: SPOROTRICHOSIS 353(Coles et al., 19
Page 372 and 373: SPOROTRICHOSIS 355Diagnosis: Diagno
Page 374 and 375: ZYGOMYCOSIS 357Occurrence in Animal
Page 376 and 377: ZYGOMYCOSIS 359firmed severe necrog
Page 378 and 379: INDEXAAbortionbrucellosis, 43, 44-4
Page 380 and 381: INDEX 363whitmori (see Yersinia ent
Page 382 and 383: INDEX 365transmission, probable mod
Page 384 and 385: INDEX 367dermatonomous (see D. cong
Page 386 and 387: INDEX 369Exophiala jeanselmei, 345F
Page 388 and 389: INDEX 371brucellosis, 43, 45-47camp
Page 390 and 391: INDEX 373bovis, 107, 109, 111, 112,
Page 392 and 393: INDEX 375listeriosis, 171, 173melio
Page 394 and 395: INDEX 377sporotrichosis, 353strepto
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