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204 BACTERIOSESby means of aerosols. Dogs and cats rarely suffer from pasteurellosis (with theexception of wounds infected with pasteurellae in fights) and are healthy carriers.Other mammals acquire the disease from members of their own species eitherthrough the respiratory or digestive tract, or by falling victim to the pasteurellae intheir own respiratory tracts when stress lowers their defenses. There is much evidencethat stress factors play an important enabling role in unleashing the respiratorysyndrome of shipping fever, and that these factors permit multiplication ofserotype 2 of P. haemolytica (Frank and Smith, 1983). Serotypes 6:B and 6:E,which cause hemorrhagic septicemia in cattle and water buffalo, are perpetuated bymeans of carriers and chronically ill animals that serve as a source of infection fortheir kind.Role of Animals in the Epidemiology of the Disease: Pasteurellae survive onlya very short time in the environment. It is certain that animals constitute the mostimportant reservoir of the pasteurellae that are pathogenic for man.Diagnosis: In the case of human infection, diagnosis is made by isolating andidentifying the etiologic agent from wounds or other sites.In hemorrhagic septicemia or fowl cholera, the etiologic agent can be cultivatedfrom the animal’s blood or viscera. In pneumonia of domestic animals, a pure cultureof pasteurellae may indicate their role in the pathology, but does not revealwhether these bacteria are primary or secondary agents of the disease.Control: Measures to reduce the likelihood of bites, such as elimination of straydogs, can prevent some cases of human infection.Control in animals lies mainly in adequate management of herds or poultry farms.Bacterins as well as live attenuated vaccines are in use, or are being tested, againstP. multocida and P. haemolytica. Protection against homologous serotypes is satisfactory,but protection is only partial or irregular against heterologous serotypes. Ingeneral, attenuated live vaccines give better immunity than bacterins. In Asia, extensiveexperimentation proved that a bacterin with an oil adjuvant can offer solidimmunity against hemorrhagic septicemia. A single dose of live vaccine with astreptomycin-dependent mutant strain conferred immunity against hemorrhagic septicemiain 66.6% to 83.3% of calves and in 100% of young buffalo (De Alwis andCarter, 1980).The use of PI3 vaccine has been recommended for the control of shipping fever.It is better to vaccinate against the principal viral agents before weaning or transportinganimals. The bacterins of P. haemolytica and P. multocida have been questioned.Attenuated live vaccines or vaccines from subunits, such as the cytotoxin(leukotoxin) of P. haemolytica (Confer et al., 1988), are more reliable. Attenuatedlive vaccines of P. haemolytica are being tested. A bacterin containing multiple antigensof the prevalent serotypes, incorporated into a polyvalent anticlostridial biologicalwith aluminum hydroxide adjuvant, has been tested against P. haemolyticapneumonia in lambs and has given satisfactory results (Wells et al., 1984). Severallive vaccines are available against avian cholera, some of which can be administeredin the drinking water. Selection of Pasteurella strains within the serotypes that causethe disease is important in immunization.Bovine hemorrhagic septicemia should be considered an exotic disease andappropriate measures should be taken to prevent its spread to disease-free areas.
PASTEURELLOSIS 205BibliographyBingham, D.P., R. Moore, A.B. Richards. Comparison of DNA:DNA homology and enzymaticactivity between Pasteurella haemolytica and related species. Am J Vet Res51:1161–1166, 1990.Bisgaard, M., E. Falsen. Reinvestigation and reclassification of a collection of 56 humanisolates of Pasteurellaceae. Acta Pathol Microbiol Immunol Scand [B] 94:215–222, 1986.Bisgaard, M., O. Heltberg, W. Fredriksen. Isolation of Pasteurella caballi from an infectedwound on a veterinary surgeon. Acta Pathol Microbiol Immunol Scand 99(3):291–294, 1991.Bjorkholm, B., T. Eilard. Pasteurella multocida osteomyelitis caused by cat bite. J Infect6:175–177, 1983.Blood, D.C., J.A. Henderson, O.M. Radostitis. Veterinary Medicine. 5th ed. Philadelphia:Lea and Febiger; 1979.Bruner, D.W., J.H. Gillespie. Hagan’s Infectious Diseases of Domestic Animals. 6th ed.Ithaca: Comstock; 1973.Burdge, D.R., D. Scheifele, D.P. Speert. Serious Pasteurella multocida infections from lionand tiger bites. JAMA 253:3296–3297, 1985.Carter, G.R. Pasteurellosis: Pasteurella multocida and Pasteurella haemolytica [review].Adv Vet Sci 11:321–379, 1967.Carter, G.R. Pasteurella infections as sequelae to respiratory viral infections. J Am Vet MedAssoc 163:863–864, 1973.Carter, G.R. Whatever happened to hemorrhagic septicemia? J Am Vet Med Assoc180:1176–1177, 1982.Colin, R., L. Jaramillo M., F. Aguilar R., et al. Serotipos de Pasteurella haemolytica en pulmonesneumónicos ovinos en México. Rev Latinoam Microbiol 29:231–234, 1987.Confer, A.W., R.J. Panciera, D.A. Mosier. Bovine pneumonic pasteurellosis: Immunity toPasteurella haemolytica [review]. J Am Vet Med Assoc 193:1308–1316, 1988.De Alwis, M.C., G.R. Carter. Preliminary field trials with a streptomycin-dependent vaccineagainst haemorrhagic septicaemia. Vet Rev 106:435–437, 1980.DiGiacomo, R.F., B.J. Deeb, W.E. Giddens, et al. Atrophic rhinitis in New Zealand whiterabbits infected with Pasteurella multocida. Am J Vet Res 50:1460–1465, 1989.Dominick, M.A., R.B. Rimler. Turbinate atrophy in gnotobiotic pigs intranasally inoculatedwith protein toxin isolated from type D Pasteurella multocida. Am J Vet Res 47:1532–1536, 1986.Ewing, R., V. Fainstein, D.M. Musher, M. Lidsky, J. Clarridge. Articular and skeletal infectionscaused by Pasteurella multocida. South Med J 73:1349–1352, 1980.Frank, G.H, R.G. Marshall. Parainfluenza-3 virus infection of cattle. J Am Vet Med Assoc163:858–859, 1973.Frank, G.H., P.C. Smith. Prevalence of Pasteurella haemolytica in transported calves. Am JVet Res 44:981–985, 1983.Fraser, J., N.J. Gilmour, S. Laird, W. Donachie. Prevalence of Pasteurella haemolyticaserotypes isolated from ovine pasteurellosis in Britain. Vet Rec 110:560–561, 1982.Gillespie, J.H., J.F. Timoney. Hagan’s and Bruner’s Infectious Diseases of DomesticAnimals. 7th ed. Ithaca: Comstock; 1981.Harshfield, G.S. Fowl cholera. In: Biester, H.E., L.H. Schwarte, eds. Diseases of Poultry.4th ed. Ames: Iowa State University Press; 1959.Hoerlein, A.B. Shipping fever. In: Gibbons, W.J., ed. Diseases of Cattle. 2nd ed. SantaBarbara: American Veterinary Publications; 1963.Hubbert, W.T., M.N. Rosen. Pasteurella multocida infection due to animal bite. Am JPublic Health 60:1103–1108, 1970.Hubbert, W.T., M.N. Rosen. Pasteurella multocida infections. II. Pasteurella multocidainfection in man unrelated to animal bite. Am J Public Health 60:1109–1117, 1970.
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ZOONOSES AND COMMUNICABLE DISEASESC
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CONTENTSPrologue . . . . . . . . .
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CONTENTSv7. Caprine and ovine bruce
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viiiPROLOGUEevaluation and in the d
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PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITIONThe fi
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PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITIONxiiiMr
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ACTINOMYCOSISICD-10 A42.9Synonyms:
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ACTINOMYCOSIS 5Infections and patho
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AEROMONIASIS 7shown that the clinic
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AEROMONIASIS 9congested area to ble
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AEROMONIASIS 11and depression. Desp
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AEROMONIASIS 13Angelini, N.M., G.N.
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ANIMAL ERYSIPELAS AND HUMAN ERYSIPE
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ANTHRAX 21Wood, R.L., R. Harrington
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ANTHRAX 23tive through culture and
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ANTHRAX 25Figure 2. Anthrax. Transm
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ANTHRAX 27reactions and the recomme
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BOTULISMICD-10 A05.1Synonyms: Allan
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30 BACTERIOSESFigure 3. Botulism (t
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32 BACTERIOSESFigure 4. Reported ca
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34 BACTERIOSESan 18-week-old child.
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36 BACTERIOSESOutbreaks with high d
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38 BACTERIOSESDiagnosis: Clinical d
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40 BACTERIOSESlogical study on 70 s
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42 BACTERIOSESwere recorded in 1947
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44 BACTERIOSESthe disease can vary
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46 BACTERIOSESOnce an infected cow
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48 BACTERIOSESSeveral researchers h
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50 BACTERIOSESwhich is the reservoi
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52 BACTERIOSESFigure 5. Bovine bruc
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54 BACTERIOSESby rectal or preputia
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56 BACTERIOSESing the two-year foll
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58 BACTERIOSESThe complement fixati
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60 BACTERIOSESin various countries
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62 BACTERIOSESAs goats are generall
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64 BACTERIOSESCorbel, M.J., F.A. St
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66 BACTERIOSESPfischner, W.C.E., K.
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CAMPYLOBACTERIOSISICD-10 A04.5 camp
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CAMPYLOBACTERIOSIS 69fever, abdomin
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CAMPYLOBACTERIOSIS 71The infection
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CAMPYLOBACTERIOSIS 73Occurrence in
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CAMPYLOBACTERIOSIS 75Figure 9. Camp
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CAMPYLOBACTERIOSIS 77BibliographyAn
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CAT-SCRATCH DISEASE 79ganism belong
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CAT-SCRATCH DISEASE 81BibliographyA
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CLOSTRIDIAL FOOD POISONING 83from t
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CLOSTRIDIAL FOOD POISONING 85lambs
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CLOSTRIDIAL WOUND INFECTIONS 87Pres
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CLOSTRIDIAL WOUND INFECTIONS 89Diag
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COLIBACILLOSIS 91Geographic Distrib
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COLIBACILLOSIS 93K99). Although F4
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COLIBACILLOSIS 95CATTLE: Calf diarr
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COLIBACILLOSIS 97In the case of dia
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CORYNEBACTERIOSIS 99Robins-Browne,
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CORYNEBACTERIOSIS 101Two different
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DERMATOPHILOSIS 103Corynebacterium
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104 BACTERIOSESlesions. Subsequentl
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106 BACTERIOSES1% alum dips. In chr
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108 BACTERIOSESThe mycobacteria tha
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110 BACTERIOSESBritish Columbia (Ca
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112 BACTERIOSESand M. fortuitum. St
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114 BACTERIOSESlish themselves in n
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116 BACTERIOSESGruft, H., J.O. Falk
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118 BACTERIOSESThere are various sc
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120 BACTERIOSESSource of Infection
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122 BACTERIOSES127:179-187, 1988. C
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ENTEROCOLITIC YERSINIOSIS 123tive w
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ENTEROCOLITIC YERSINIOSIS 125Althou
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ENTEROCOLITIC YERSINIOSIS 127Figure
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ENTEROCOLITIC YERSINIOSIS 129mates
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ENTEROCOLITIC YERSINIOSIS 131Farmer
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ENTEROCOLITIS DUE TO CLOSTRIDIUM DI
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FOOD POISONING CAUSED BY VIBRIO PAR
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FOOD POISONING CAUSED BY VIBRIO PAR
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GLANDERSICD-10 A24.0Synonyms: Farcy
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144 BACTERIOSESFigure 11. Glanders.
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146 BACTERIOSESINFECTION CAUSED BY
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148 BACTERIOSESDiagnosis: C. canimo
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150 BACTERIOSESOccurrence in Animal
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152 BACTERIOSEScutaneous lesions ar
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154 BACTERIOSESIt is difficult to d
Page 172 and 173: 156 BACTERIOSESConvit, J., M.E. Pin
Page 174 and 175: 158 BACTERIOSESthrough filters that
Page 176 and 177: 160 BACTERIOSESCattle of all ages a
Page 178 and 179: 162 BACTERIOSESFigure 12. Leptospir
Page 180 and 181: 164 BACTERIOSESThe same diagnostic
Page 182 and 183: 166 BACTERIOSESare the protective a
Page 184 and 185: 168 BACTERIOSESSulzer, C.R., W.L. J
Page 186 and 187: 170 BACTERIOSESserovars 4d and 4b o
Page 188 and 189: 172 BACTERIOSESwhite nodules. Some
Page 190 and 191: 174 BACTERIOSESbloodstream or place
Page 192 and 193: 176 BACTERIOSESAt present, contamin
Page 194 and 195: 178 BACTERIOSESMcLauchlin, J. Human
Page 196 and 197: 180 BACTERIOSEStries of the former
Page 198 and 199: 182 BACTERIOSESvae and nymphs found
Page 200 and 201: 184 BACTERIOSESOliver, J.N., M.R. O
Page 202 and 203: MELIOIDOSIS 185bacteria that lives
Page 204 and 205: MELIOIDOSIS 187with the soil. In th
Page 206 and 207: MELIOIDOSIS 189BibliographyAppassak
Page 208 and 209: NECROBACILLOSISICD-10 A48.8 other s
Page 210 and 211: 192 BACTERIOSESstimulates prolifera
Page 212 and 213: 194 BACTERIOSESgen) of B. nodosus i
Page 214 and 215: 196 BACTERIOSEStoward remission. Th
Page 216 and 217: 198 BACTERIOSESDiagnosis: Microscop
Page 218 and 219: 200 BACTERIOSESsist of infected bit
Page 220 and 221: 202 BACTERIOSESP. multocida is also
Page 224 and 225: 206 BACTERIOSESIrwin, M.R., S. McCo
Page 226 and 227: 208 BACTERIOSESFrom 1958 to 1979, 4
Page 228 and 229: 210 BACTERIOSESTable 2. Number of c
Page 230 and 231: 212 BACTERIOSESBacteremia is presen
Page 232 and 233: 214 BACTERIOSESvectors are characte
Page 234 and 235: 216 BACTERIOSESwhich is very effect
Page 236 and 237: 218 BACTERIOSESUnited States of Ame
Page 238 and 239: 220 BACTERIOSESThe Disease in Anima
Page 240 and 241: 222 BACTERIOSESFigure 16. Pseudotub
Page 242 and 243: 224 BACTERIOSESMeats and other anim
Page 244 and 245: 226 BACTERIOSESRAT-BITE FEVERICD-10
Page 246 and 247: 228 BACTERIOSESincorrect. It is a s
Page 248 and 249: 230 BACTERIOSESCases are more frequ
Page 250 and 251: 232 BACTERIOSESmuch more accurate t
Page 252 and 253: 234 BACTERIOSEShuman strains. Epide
Page 254 and 255: 236 BACTERIOSESOccurrence in Animal
Page 256 and 257: 238 BACTERIOSESture to normal. Sign
Page 258 and 259: 240 BACTERIOSESSalmonellosis is fre
Page 260 and 261: 242 BACTERIOSESfecal matter can exp
Page 262 and 263: 244 BACTERIOSESThe results of many
Page 264 and 265: 246 BACTERIOSESPoehn, H.P. Salmonel
Page 266 and 267: 248 BACTERIOSESdren aged 1 to 5 yea
Page 268 and 269: 250 BACTERIOSESA live streptomycin-
Page 270 and 271: 252 BACTERIOSESIn the US during the
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254 BACTERIOSESunsuccessful in isol
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256 BACTERIOSESBergdoll, M.S., C.R.
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258 BACTERIOSESgroup D. There are o
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260 BACTERIOSESmonia, and arthritis
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262 BACTERIOSESInfection caused by
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264 BACTERIOSESClifton-Hadley, F.A.
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TETANUSICD-10 A33 tetanus neonatoru
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TETANUS 267Table 4. Distribution of
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TETANUS 269toxigenic strains of C.
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TICK-BORNE RELAPSING FEVER 271Unite
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TICK-BORNE RELAPSING FEVER 273Figur
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TULAREMIA 275TULAREMIAICD-10 A21.0
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TULAREMIA 277rotic. In untreated ca
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TULAREMIA 279Figure 19. Tularemia.
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TULAREMIA 281Union, where tularemia
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ZOONOTIC TUBERCULOSIS 283ZOONOTIC T
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ZOONOTIC TUBERCULOSIS 285European c
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ZOONOTIC TUBERCULOSIS 287Persons wi
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ZOONOTIC TUBERCULOSIS 289Most cases
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ZOONOTIC TUBERCULOSIS 291ent in wil
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ZOONOTIC TUBERCULOSIS 293In South A
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ZOONOTIC TUBERCULOSIS 295and 101 an
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ZOONOTIC TUBERCULOSIS 297de Kantor,
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ZOONOTIC TUBERCULOSIS 299Schonfeld,
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ADIASPIROMYCOSISICD-10 B48.8Synonym
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ASPERGILLOSIS 305Mason, R.W., M. Ga
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ASPERGILLOSIS 307chitis, bronchiect
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ASPERGILLOSIS 309posing factors and
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BLASTOMYCOSIS 311BLASTOMYCOSISICD-1
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BLASTOMYCOSIS 313form lesions on ex
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CANDIDIASIS 315Klein, B.S., J.M. Ve
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CANDIDIASIS 317tion may occur in an
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CANDIDIASIS 319Control: Neonatal ca
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COCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS 321Colombia, Gua
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COCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS 323and kidneys.
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COCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS 325Borelli, D. P
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CRYPTOCOCCOSIS 327has grown worldwi
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CRYPTOCOCCOSIS 329formans,favoring
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CRYPTOCOCCOSIS 331Gordon, M.A. Curr
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DERMATOPHYTOSIS 333M. canis. The pe
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DERMATOPHYTOSIS 335Topical treatmen
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DERMATOPHYTOSIS 337Diagnosis: Clini
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HISTOPLASMOSIS 339Sparkes, A.H., T.
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HISTOPLASMOSIS 341mediastinal nodes
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HISTOPLASMOSIS 343case in outbreaks
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MYCETOMA 345Sweany, H.C., ed. Histo
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MYCETOMA 347Diagnosis: Microscopic
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PROTOTHECOSIS 349organs affected. W
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RHINOSPORIDIOSIS 351The disease is
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SPOROTRICHOSIS 353(Coles et al., 19
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SPOROTRICHOSIS 355Diagnosis: Diagno
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ZYGOMYCOSIS 357Occurrence in Animal
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ZYGOMYCOSIS 359firmed severe necrog
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INDEXAAbortionbrucellosis, 43, 44-4
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INDEX 363whitmori (see Yersinia ent
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INDEX 365transmission, probable mod
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INDEX 367dermatonomous (see D. cong
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INDEX 369Exophiala jeanselmei, 345F
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INDEX 371brucellosis, 43, 45-47camp
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INDEX 373bovis, 107, 109, 111, 112,
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INDEX 375listeriosis, 171, 173melio
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INDEX 377sporotrichosis, 353strepto
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