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BOTULISMICD-10 A05.1Synonyms: Allantiasis; “lamziekte” (bovine botulism in South Africa); “limberneck”(botulism in fowl).Etiology: Toxins produced by Clostridium botulinum, which are the most potentknown. C. botulinum is an obligate, spore-forming anaerobe. It has been sub-classified(Smith, 1977) into four groups (I to IV), according to culture and serologicalcharacteristics. Seven different types of botulinum antigens have been identified(A–G), according to their serological specificity. Classical botulism results from
BOTULISM 29preformed toxins ingested with food. In wound botulism, the toxin forms by contaminationof the injured tissue. In 1976, a new clinical type, infant botulism, wasidentified. It is caused by colonization of the infant’s intestinal tract by C. botulinumand the resultant production and absorption of toxins.The species C. botulinum is very heterogeneous. The different groups (I to IV) aredifferentiated according to their ability to digest proteins and break down sugars.Group I is highly proteolytic and saccharolytic and includes all the type A strains aswell as various type B and F strains. Group II includes all the type E strains and thenonproteolytic type B and F strains that are highly saccharolytic. Group III consistsof the type C and D strains, which are not proteolytic (except that they digest gelatin).Group IV contains only type G, which is proteolytic but not saccharolytic(Sakaguchi et al., 1981; Concon, 1988).Despite the metabolic and DNA differences among them, these groups ofclostridia have until now been classified in a single species because they all producea botulinum neurotoxin that acts similarly in animal hosts (Cato et al., 1986).However, not all researchers agree with this scheme and one argument of thosefavoring a reclassification is the recent discovery of neurotoxigenic strains inClostridium baratii and C. butyricum.In effect, two cases of type E infant botulism in Rome, Italy, caused by C.butyricum (Aureli et al., 1986) have been described and another case was describedin New Mexico (USA) in a child suffering from a neurotoxigenic type F botulismproduced by a clostridium that was later identified as C. baratii (Hall et al., 1985).These clostridia were identified on the basis of their phenotype characteristics andwere later confirmed through DNA hybridization (Suen et al., 1988a). The neurotoxinisolated from C. baratii was similar in structure and amino acid sequence toC. botulinum types A, B, and E (Giménez et al., 1992). The proponents of reclassification,such as Suen et al. (1988b), have suggested renaming group IV, which containsthe single toxigenic type G, as Clostridium argentinense. Arnon (1986) agreesthat reclassification would be justified based on logical criteria and taxonomicpurity, but questions whether this would improve clinical, microbiological, and epidemiologicalknowledge.Geographic Distribution: Occurs on all continents, with a marked regional distributionthat probably reflects the presence in the soil of the microorganism and itsdifferent types of toxins.Occurrence in Man: The disease occurs more frequently in the northern hemispherethan in the southern hemisphere, and can appear sporadically and amonggroups of people who ingest the same food with the preformed toxin. From 1950 to1973, an average of 15.1 outbreaks occurred annually in the US, with 2.4 cases peroutbreak. In that period, there were only three outbreaks affecting more than 10 people,but in 1977, an outbreak of 59 cases involving type B botulinum toxin wasdescribed, caused by food eaten in a restaurant (Terranova et al., 1978). Figure 3illustrates the reported cases and deaths by year in the US during the period1960–1980 (PAHO, 1982). More than half of the cases reported since 1899 from 45states occurred in five western states. Table 1 shows the foods and type of botulinumtoxin that caused the illness. In the United States, only 4% of the outbreaks originatedin restaurants, but they represent 42% of the 308 cases occurring between1976 and 1984. The most widespread outbreak recorded in the United States
Page 1 and 2: ZOONOSES AND COMMUNICABLE DISEASESC
Page 3 and 4: CONTENTSPrologue . . . . . . . . .
Page 5 and 6: CONTENTSv7. Caprine and ovine bruce
Page 7: viiiPROLOGUEevaluation and in the d
Page 10 and 11: PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITIONThe fi
Page 12 and 13: PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITIONxiiiMr
Page 14 and 15: ACTINOMYCOSISICD-10 A42.9Synonyms:
Page 16 and 17: ACTINOMYCOSIS 5Infections and patho
Page 18 and 19: AEROMONIASIS 7shown that the clinic
Page 20 and 21: AEROMONIASIS 9congested area to ble
Page 22 and 23: AEROMONIASIS 11and depression. Desp
Page 24 and 25: AEROMONIASIS 13Angelini, N.M., G.N.
Page 26 and 27: ANIMAL ERYSIPELAS AND HUMAN ERYSIPE
Page 32 and 33: ANTHRAX 21Wood, R.L., R. Harrington
Page 34 and 35: ANTHRAX 23tive through culture and
Page 36 and 37: ANTHRAX 25Figure 2. Anthrax. Transm
Page 38 and 39: ANTHRAX 27reactions and the recomme
Page 42 and 43: 30 BACTERIOSESFigure 3. Botulism (t
Page 44 and 45: 32 BACTERIOSESFigure 4. Reported ca
Page 46 and 47: 34 BACTERIOSESan 18-week-old child.
Page 48 and 49: 36 BACTERIOSESOutbreaks with high d
Page 50 and 51: 38 BACTERIOSESDiagnosis: Clinical d
Page 52 and 53: 40 BACTERIOSESlogical study on 70 s
Page 54 and 55: 42 BACTERIOSESwere recorded in 1947
Page 56 and 57: 44 BACTERIOSESthe disease can vary
Page 58 and 59: 46 BACTERIOSESOnce an infected cow
Page 60 and 61: 48 BACTERIOSESSeveral researchers h
Page 62 and 63: 50 BACTERIOSESwhich is the reservoi
Page 64 and 65: 52 BACTERIOSESFigure 5. Bovine bruc
Page 66 and 67: 54 BACTERIOSESby rectal or preputia
Page 68 and 69: 56 BACTERIOSESing the two-year foll
Page 70 and 71: 58 BACTERIOSESThe complement fixati
Page 72 and 73: 60 BACTERIOSESin various countries
Page 74 and 75: 62 BACTERIOSESAs goats are generall
Page 76 and 77: 64 BACTERIOSESCorbel, M.J., F.A. St
Page 78 and 79: 66 BACTERIOSESPfischner, W.C.E., K.
Page 80 and 81: CAMPYLOBACTERIOSISICD-10 A04.5 camp
Page 82 and 83: CAMPYLOBACTERIOSIS 69fever, abdomin
Page 84 and 85: CAMPYLOBACTERIOSIS 71The infection
Page 86 and 87: CAMPYLOBACTERIOSIS 73Occurrence in
Page 88 and 89: CAMPYLOBACTERIOSIS 75Figure 9. Camp
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CAMPYLOBACTERIOSIS 77BibliographyAn
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CAT-SCRATCH DISEASE 79ganism belong
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CAT-SCRATCH DISEASE 81BibliographyA
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CLOSTRIDIAL FOOD POISONING 83from t
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CLOSTRIDIAL FOOD POISONING 85lambs
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CLOSTRIDIAL WOUND INFECTIONS 87Pres
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CLOSTRIDIAL WOUND INFECTIONS 89Diag
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COLIBACILLOSIS 91Geographic Distrib
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COLIBACILLOSIS 93K99). Although F4
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COLIBACILLOSIS 95CATTLE: Calf diarr
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COLIBACILLOSIS 97In the case of dia
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CORYNEBACTERIOSIS 99Robins-Browne,
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CORYNEBACTERIOSIS 101Two different
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DERMATOPHILOSIS 103Corynebacterium
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104 BACTERIOSESlesions. Subsequentl
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106 BACTERIOSES1% alum dips. In chr
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108 BACTERIOSESThe mycobacteria tha
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110 BACTERIOSESBritish Columbia (Ca
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112 BACTERIOSESand M. fortuitum. St
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114 BACTERIOSESlish themselves in n
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116 BACTERIOSESGruft, H., J.O. Falk
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118 BACTERIOSESThere are various sc
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120 BACTERIOSESSource of Infection
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122 BACTERIOSES127:179-187, 1988. C
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ENTEROCOLITIC YERSINIOSIS 123tive w
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ENTEROCOLITIC YERSINIOSIS 125Althou
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ENTEROCOLITIC YERSINIOSIS 127Figure
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ENTEROCOLITIC YERSINIOSIS 129mates
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ENTEROCOLITIC YERSINIOSIS 131Farmer
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ENTEROCOLITIS DUE TO CLOSTRIDIUM DI
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FOOD POISONING CAUSED BY VIBRIO PAR
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FOOD POISONING CAUSED BY VIBRIO PAR
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GLANDERSICD-10 A24.0Synonyms: Farcy
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144 BACTERIOSESFigure 11. Glanders.
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146 BACTERIOSESINFECTION CAUSED BY
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148 BACTERIOSESDiagnosis: C. canimo
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150 BACTERIOSESOccurrence in Animal
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152 BACTERIOSEScutaneous lesions ar
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154 BACTERIOSESIt is difficult to d
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156 BACTERIOSESConvit, J., M.E. Pin
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158 BACTERIOSESthrough filters that
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160 BACTERIOSESCattle of all ages a
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162 BACTERIOSESFigure 12. Leptospir
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164 BACTERIOSESThe same diagnostic
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166 BACTERIOSESare the protective a
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168 BACTERIOSESSulzer, C.R., W.L. J
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170 BACTERIOSESserovars 4d and 4b o
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172 BACTERIOSESwhite nodules. Some
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174 BACTERIOSESbloodstream or place
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176 BACTERIOSESAt present, contamin
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178 BACTERIOSESMcLauchlin, J. Human
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180 BACTERIOSEStries of the former
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182 BACTERIOSESvae and nymphs found
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184 BACTERIOSESOliver, J.N., M.R. O
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MELIOIDOSIS 185bacteria that lives
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MELIOIDOSIS 187with the soil. In th
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MELIOIDOSIS 189BibliographyAppassak
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NECROBACILLOSISICD-10 A48.8 other s
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192 BACTERIOSESstimulates prolifera
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194 BACTERIOSESgen) of B. nodosus i
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196 BACTERIOSEStoward remission. Th
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198 BACTERIOSESDiagnosis: Microscop
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200 BACTERIOSESsist of infected bit
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202 BACTERIOSESP. multocida is also
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204 BACTERIOSESby means of aerosols
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206 BACTERIOSESIrwin, M.R., S. McCo
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208 BACTERIOSESFrom 1958 to 1979, 4
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210 BACTERIOSESTable 2. Number of c
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212 BACTERIOSESBacteremia is presen
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214 BACTERIOSESvectors are characte
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216 BACTERIOSESwhich is very effect
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218 BACTERIOSESUnited States of Ame
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220 BACTERIOSESThe Disease in Anima
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222 BACTERIOSESFigure 16. Pseudotub
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224 BACTERIOSESMeats and other anim
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226 BACTERIOSESRAT-BITE FEVERICD-10
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228 BACTERIOSESincorrect. It is a s
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230 BACTERIOSESCases are more frequ
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232 BACTERIOSESmuch more accurate t
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234 BACTERIOSEShuman strains. Epide
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236 BACTERIOSESOccurrence in Animal
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238 BACTERIOSESture to normal. Sign
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240 BACTERIOSESSalmonellosis is fre
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242 BACTERIOSESfecal matter can exp
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244 BACTERIOSESThe results of many
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246 BACTERIOSESPoehn, H.P. Salmonel
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248 BACTERIOSESdren aged 1 to 5 yea
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250 BACTERIOSESA live streptomycin-
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252 BACTERIOSESIn the US during the
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254 BACTERIOSESunsuccessful in isol
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256 BACTERIOSESBergdoll, M.S., C.R.
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258 BACTERIOSESgroup D. There are o
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260 BACTERIOSESmonia, and arthritis
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262 BACTERIOSESInfection caused by
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264 BACTERIOSESClifton-Hadley, F.A.
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TETANUSICD-10 A33 tetanus neonatoru
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TETANUS 267Table 4. Distribution of
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TETANUS 269toxigenic strains of C.
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TICK-BORNE RELAPSING FEVER 271Unite
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TICK-BORNE RELAPSING FEVER 273Figur
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TULAREMIA 275TULAREMIAICD-10 A21.0
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TULAREMIA 277rotic. In untreated ca
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TULAREMIA 279Figure 19. Tularemia.
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TULAREMIA 281Union, where tularemia
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ZOONOTIC TUBERCULOSIS 283ZOONOTIC T
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ZOONOTIC TUBERCULOSIS 285European c
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ZOONOTIC TUBERCULOSIS 287Persons wi
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ZOONOTIC TUBERCULOSIS 289Most cases
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ZOONOTIC TUBERCULOSIS 291ent in wil
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ZOONOTIC TUBERCULOSIS 293In South A
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ZOONOTIC TUBERCULOSIS 295and 101 an
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ZOONOTIC TUBERCULOSIS 297de Kantor,
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ZOONOTIC TUBERCULOSIS 299Schonfeld,
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ADIASPIROMYCOSISICD-10 B48.8Synonym
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ASPERGILLOSIS 305Mason, R.W., M. Ga
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ASPERGILLOSIS 307chitis, bronchiect
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ASPERGILLOSIS 309posing factors and
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BLASTOMYCOSIS 311BLASTOMYCOSISICD-1
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BLASTOMYCOSIS 313form lesions on ex
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CANDIDIASIS 315Klein, B.S., J.M. Ve
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CANDIDIASIS 317tion may occur in an
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CANDIDIASIS 319Control: Neonatal ca
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COCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS 321Colombia, Gua
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COCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS 323and kidneys.
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COCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS 325Borelli, D. P
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CRYPTOCOCCOSIS 327has grown worldwi
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CRYPTOCOCCOSIS 329formans,favoring
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CRYPTOCOCCOSIS 331Gordon, M.A. Curr
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DERMATOPHYTOSIS 333M. canis. The pe
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DERMATOPHYTOSIS 335Topical treatmen
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DERMATOPHYTOSIS 337Diagnosis: Clini
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HISTOPLASMOSIS 339Sparkes, A.H., T.
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HISTOPLASMOSIS 341mediastinal nodes
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HISTOPLASMOSIS 343case in outbreaks
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MYCETOMA 345Sweany, H.C., ed. Histo
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MYCETOMA 347Diagnosis: Microscopic
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PROTOTHECOSIS 349organs affected. W
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RHINOSPORIDIOSIS 351The disease is
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SPOROTRICHOSIS 353(Coles et al., 19
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SPOROTRICHOSIS 355Diagnosis: Diagno
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ZYGOMYCOSIS 357Occurrence in Animal
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ZYGOMYCOSIS 359firmed severe necrog
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INDEXAAbortionbrucellosis, 43, 44-4
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INDEX 363whitmori (see Yersinia ent
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INDEX 365transmission, probable mod
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INDEX 367dermatonomous (see D. cong
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INDEX 369Exophiala jeanselmei, 345F
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INDEX 371brucellosis, 43, 45-47camp
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INDEX 373bovis, 107, 109, 111, 112,
Page 392 and 393:
INDEX 375listeriosis, 171, 173melio
Page 394 and 395:
INDEX 377sporotrichosis, 353strepto
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