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54 BACTERIOSESby rectal or preputial contact. Transmission may also occur through the ewe whenan infected ram deposits his semen and another ram breeds her shortly thereafter.The infection is not very common in ewes, and when it occurs it is contracted bysexual contact. B. ovis does not persist very long in ewes and is generally eliminatedbefore the next lambing period.Figure 6. Swine brucellosis (Brucella suis). Mode of transmission.BoarSexual contactSowMainly by direct andindirect contact, rarely byingestion of raw meatFetuses, fetal membranes,vaginal secretionsManContactEnvironmentalcontaminationIngestion, contactBoarFigure 7. Caprine and ovine brucellosis (Brucella melitensis). Mode of transmission.GoatsandsheepFetuses, fetalmembranes,vaginal secretionsEnvironmentalcontamination(pasture, forage,water)IngestionGoatsandsheepIngestion of raw milkand fresh cheeses; contactContact with fetuses,fetal membranesMan
BRUCELLOSIS 55INFECTION IN DOGS: The transmission of B. canis occurs as a result of contact withvaginal secretions, fetuses, and fetal membranes. Infected males may transmit theinfection to bitches during coitus. The milk of infected bitches is another possiblesource of infection. Human cases recorded in the literature amount to several dozen,many resulting from contact with bitches that had recently aborted.Role of Animals in the Epidemiology of the Disease: The role of animals isessential. Cases of human-to-human transmission are exceptional. Brucellosis is azoonosis par excellence.Diagnosis: In man, a clinical diagnosis of brucellosis based on symptoms and historyshould always be confirmed in the laboratory. Isolation and typing of the causalagent is definitive and may also indicate the source of the infection. Blood or marrowfrom the sternum or ileal crest taken while the patient is febrile is cultured in appropriatemedia. Culture material may also be taken from lymph nodes, cerebrospinalfluid, and abscesses. It is recommended that the cultures be repeated several times,especially in enzootic areas of B. abortus. Due to the widespread use of antibioticsbefore diagnosis in febrile patients, bacteriologic examinations, particularly of blood,often yield negative results, and serologic tests become increasingly necessary. Theserum agglutination test, preferably in tubes, is the simplest and most widely usedprocedure. A high titer (more than 100 international units, IU) and increasing titersin repeated serum samples provide a good basis for diagnosis. Cross-reactions inserum agglutination have been observed in cases of cholera or tularemia (or as aresult of vaccination against these diseases) and in infections caused by Yersinia enterocolitica0:9, as well as Escherichia coli 0:157 and 0:116, Salmonella serotypes ofKauffmann-White group N, and Pseudomonas maltophila (Corbel et al., 1984). Theserum agglutination test reveals both M and G immunoglobulins. It is generallyaccepted that in an active stage of brucellosis IgG is always present. Thus, when lowserum agglutination titers are found, tests to detect the presence of IgG must be performed,such as the 2-mercaptoethanol (ME) and complement fixation (CF) test (inman, IgGs fix complement but often lack agglutinating power). These tests are of specialinterest in chronic brucellosis, where active infection may continue even thoughagglutination titers return to low levels. The intradermal test with noncellular allergensis useful for epidemiological studies, but not for clinical diagnosis.The 2-mercaptoethanol test is also useful in following the treatment and cure ofthe patient. In one study (Buchanan and Faber, 1980), the titers of 92 brucellosispatients were followed for 18 months with tube agglutination and ME tests. Despiteantibiotic treatment, the tube agglutination test continued positive for 18 months in44 (48%) of the patients, but the ME titers were positive in only 8 (9%) of thepatients at the end of one year and in 4 (4%) at 18 months. None of the 84 patientstesting negative by ME at the end of a year of treatment had signs or symptoms ofbrucellosis and none acquired chronic brucellosis. By contrast, four of the eightpatients testing positive by ME after a year continued to have symptoms of brucellosisand had to continue treatment. Thus, a negative result by ME provides goodevidence that a patient does not have chronic brucellosis and that the antibiotic treatmentwas successful. If effective treatment is begun early, it is possible that IgG antibodies(resistant to ME) never develop. This was probably the case in three patientswho acquired brucellosis in the laboratory and in whom infection was confirmed byblood culture. Diagnosis and treatment were done early enough that at no time dur-
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ZOONOSES AND COMMUNICABLE DISEASESC
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CONTENTSPrologue . . . . . . . . .
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CONTENTSv7. Caprine and ovine bruce
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viiiPROLOGUEevaluation and in the d
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PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITIONThe fi
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PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITIONxiiiMr
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ACTINOMYCOSISICD-10 A42.9Synonyms:
Page 16 and 17: ACTINOMYCOSIS 5Infections and patho
Page 18 and 19: AEROMONIASIS 7shown that the clinic
Page 20 and 21: AEROMONIASIS 9congested area to ble
Page 22 and 23: AEROMONIASIS 11and depression. Desp
Page 24 and 25: AEROMONIASIS 13Angelini, N.M., G.N.
Page 26 and 27: ANIMAL ERYSIPELAS AND HUMAN ERYSIPE
Page 32 and 33: ANTHRAX 21Wood, R.L., R. Harrington
Page 34 and 35: ANTHRAX 23tive through culture and
Page 36 and 37: ANTHRAX 25Figure 2. Anthrax. Transm
Page 38 and 39: ANTHRAX 27reactions and the recomme
Page 40 and 41: BOTULISMICD-10 A05.1Synonyms: Allan
Page 42 and 43: 30 BACTERIOSESFigure 3. Botulism (t
Page 44 and 45: 32 BACTERIOSESFigure 4. Reported ca
Page 46 and 47: 34 BACTERIOSESan 18-week-old child.
Page 48 and 49: 36 BACTERIOSESOutbreaks with high d
Page 50 and 51: 38 BACTERIOSESDiagnosis: Clinical d
Page 52 and 53: 40 BACTERIOSESlogical study on 70 s
Page 54 and 55: 42 BACTERIOSESwere recorded in 1947
Page 56 and 57: 44 BACTERIOSESthe disease can vary
Page 58 and 59: 46 BACTERIOSESOnce an infected cow
Page 60 and 61: 48 BACTERIOSESSeveral researchers h
Page 62 and 63: 50 BACTERIOSESwhich is the reservoi
Page 64 and 65: 52 BACTERIOSESFigure 5. Bovine bruc
Page 68 and 69: 56 BACTERIOSESing the two-year foll
Page 70 and 71: 58 BACTERIOSESThe complement fixati
Page 72 and 73: 60 BACTERIOSESin various countries
Page 74 and 75: 62 BACTERIOSESAs goats are generall
Page 76 and 77: 64 BACTERIOSESCorbel, M.J., F.A. St
Page 78 and 79: 66 BACTERIOSESPfischner, W.C.E., K.
Page 80 and 81: CAMPYLOBACTERIOSISICD-10 A04.5 camp
Page 82 and 83: CAMPYLOBACTERIOSIS 69fever, abdomin
Page 84 and 85: CAMPYLOBACTERIOSIS 71The infection
Page 86 and 87: CAMPYLOBACTERIOSIS 73Occurrence in
Page 88 and 89: CAMPYLOBACTERIOSIS 75Figure 9. Camp
Page 90 and 91: CAMPYLOBACTERIOSIS 77BibliographyAn
Page 92 and 93: CAT-SCRATCH DISEASE 79ganism belong
Page 94 and 95: CAT-SCRATCH DISEASE 81BibliographyA
Page 96 and 97: CLOSTRIDIAL FOOD POISONING 83from t
Page 98 and 99: CLOSTRIDIAL FOOD POISONING 85lambs
Page 100 and 101: CLOSTRIDIAL WOUND INFECTIONS 87Pres
Page 102 and 103: CLOSTRIDIAL WOUND INFECTIONS 89Diag
Page 104 and 105: COLIBACILLOSIS 91Geographic Distrib
Page 106 and 107: COLIBACILLOSIS 93K99). Although F4
Page 108 and 109: COLIBACILLOSIS 95CATTLE: Calf diarr
Page 110 and 111: COLIBACILLOSIS 97In the case of dia
Page 112 and 113: CORYNEBACTERIOSIS 99Robins-Browne,
Page 114 and 115: CORYNEBACTERIOSIS 101Two different
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DERMATOPHILOSIS 103Corynebacterium
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104 BACTERIOSESlesions. Subsequentl
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106 BACTERIOSES1% alum dips. In chr
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108 BACTERIOSESThe mycobacteria tha
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110 BACTERIOSESBritish Columbia (Ca
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112 BACTERIOSESand M. fortuitum. St
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114 BACTERIOSESlish themselves in n
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116 BACTERIOSESGruft, H., J.O. Falk
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118 BACTERIOSESThere are various sc
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120 BACTERIOSESSource of Infection
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122 BACTERIOSES127:179-187, 1988. C
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ENTEROCOLITIC YERSINIOSIS 123tive w
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ENTEROCOLITIC YERSINIOSIS 125Althou
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ENTEROCOLITIC YERSINIOSIS 127Figure
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ENTEROCOLITIC YERSINIOSIS 129mates
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ENTEROCOLITIC YERSINIOSIS 131Farmer
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ENTEROCOLITIS DUE TO CLOSTRIDIUM DI
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FOOD POISONING CAUSED BY VIBRIO PAR
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FOOD POISONING CAUSED BY VIBRIO PAR
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GLANDERSICD-10 A24.0Synonyms: Farcy
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144 BACTERIOSESFigure 11. Glanders.
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146 BACTERIOSESINFECTION CAUSED BY
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148 BACTERIOSESDiagnosis: C. canimo
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150 BACTERIOSESOccurrence in Animal
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152 BACTERIOSEScutaneous lesions ar
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154 BACTERIOSESIt is difficult to d
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156 BACTERIOSESConvit, J., M.E. Pin
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158 BACTERIOSESthrough filters that
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160 BACTERIOSESCattle of all ages a
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162 BACTERIOSESFigure 12. Leptospir
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164 BACTERIOSESThe same diagnostic
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166 BACTERIOSESare the protective a
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168 BACTERIOSESSulzer, C.R., W.L. J
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170 BACTERIOSESserovars 4d and 4b o
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172 BACTERIOSESwhite nodules. Some
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174 BACTERIOSESbloodstream or place
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176 BACTERIOSESAt present, contamin
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178 BACTERIOSESMcLauchlin, J. Human
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180 BACTERIOSEStries of the former
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182 BACTERIOSESvae and nymphs found
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184 BACTERIOSESOliver, J.N., M.R. O
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MELIOIDOSIS 185bacteria that lives
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MELIOIDOSIS 187with the soil. In th
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MELIOIDOSIS 189BibliographyAppassak
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NECROBACILLOSISICD-10 A48.8 other s
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192 BACTERIOSESstimulates prolifera
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194 BACTERIOSESgen) of B. nodosus i
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196 BACTERIOSEStoward remission. Th
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198 BACTERIOSESDiagnosis: Microscop
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200 BACTERIOSESsist of infected bit
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202 BACTERIOSESP. multocida is also
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204 BACTERIOSESby means of aerosols
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206 BACTERIOSESIrwin, M.R., S. McCo
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208 BACTERIOSESFrom 1958 to 1979, 4
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210 BACTERIOSESTable 2. Number of c
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212 BACTERIOSESBacteremia is presen
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214 BACTERIOSESvectors are characte
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216 BACTERIOSESwhich is very effect
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218 BACTERIOSESUnited States of Ame
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220 BACTERIOSESThe Disease in Anima
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222 BACTERIOSESFigure 16. Pseudotub
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224 BACTERIOSESMeats and other anim
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226 BACTERIOSESRAT-BITE FEVERICD-10
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228 BACTERIOSESincorrect. It is a s
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230 BACTERIOSESCases are more frequ
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232 BACTERIOSESmuch more accurate t
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234 BACTERIOSEShuman strains. Epide
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236 BACTERIOSESOccurrence in Animal
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238 BACTERIOSESture to normal. Sign
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240 BACTERIOSESSalmonellosis is fre
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242 BACTERIOSESfecal matter can exp
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244 BACTERIOSESThe results of many
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246 BACTERIOSESPoehn, H.P. Salmonel
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248 BACTERIOSESdren aged 1 to 5 yea
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250 BACTERIOSESA live streptomycin-
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252 BACTERIOSESIn the US during the
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254 BACTERIOSESunsuccessful in isol
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256 BACTERIOSESBergdoll, M.S., C.R.
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258 BACTERIOSESgroup D. There are o
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260 BACTERIOSESmonia, and arthritis
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262 BACTERIOSESInfection caused by
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264 BACTERIOSESClifton-Hadley, F.A.
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TETANUSICD-10 A33 tetanus neonatoru
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TETANUS 267Table 4. Distribution of
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TETANUS 269toxigenic strains of C.
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TICK-BORNE RELAPSING FEVER 271Unite
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TICK-BORNE RELAPSING FEVER 273Figur
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TULAREMIA 275TULAREMIAICD-10 A21.0
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TULAREMIA 277rotic. In untreated ca
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TULAREMIA 279Figure 19. Tularemia.
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TULAREMIA 281Union, where tularemia
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ZOONOTIC TUBERCULOSIS 283ZOONOTIC T
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ZOONOTIC TUBERCULOSIS 285European c
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ZOONOTIC TUBERCULOSIS 287Persons wi
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ZOONOTIC TUBERCULOSIS 289Most cases
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ZOONOTIC TUBERCULOSIS 291ent in wil
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ZOONOTIC TUBERCULOSIS 293In South A
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ZOONOTIC TUBERCULOSIS 295and 101 an
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ZOONOTIC TUBERCULOSIS 297de Kantor,
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ZOONOTIC TUBERCULOSIS 299Schonfeld,
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ADIASPIROMYCOSISICD-10 B48.8Synonym
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ASPERGILLOSIS 305Mason, R.W., M. Ga
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ASPERGILLOSIS 307chitis, bronchiect
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ASPERGILLOSIS 309posing factors and
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BLASTOMYCOSIS 311BLASTOMYCOSISICD-1
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BLASTOMYCOSIS 313form lesions on ex
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CANDIDIASIS 315Klein, B.S., J.M. Ve
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CANDIDIASIS 317tion may occur in an
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CANDIDIASIS 319Control: Neonatal ca
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COCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS 321Colombia, Gua
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COCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS 323and kidneys.
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COCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS 325Borelli, D. P
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CRYPTOCOCCOSIS 327has grown worldwi
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CRYPTOCOCCOSIS 329formans,favoring
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CRYPTOCOCCOSIS 331Gordon, M.A. Curr
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DERMATOPHYTOSIS 333M. canis. The pe
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DERMATOPHYTOSIS 335Topical treatmen
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DERMATOPHYTOSIS 337Diagnosis: Clini
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HISTOPLASMOSIS 339Sparkes, A.H., T.
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HISTOPLASMOSIS 341mediastinal nodes
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HISTOPLASMOSIS 343case in outbreaks
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MYCETOMA 345Sweany, H.C., ed. Histo
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MYCETOMA 347Diagnosis: Microscopic
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PROTOTHECOSIS 349organs affected. W
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RHINOSPORIDIOSIS 351The disease is
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SPOROTRICHOSIS 353(Coles et al., 19
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SPOROTRICHOSIS 355Diagnosis: Diagno
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ZYGOMYCOSIS 357Occurrence in Animal
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ZYGOMYCOSIS 359firmed severe necrog
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INDEXAAbortionbrucellosis, 43, 44-4
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INDEX 363whitmori (see Yersinia ent
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INDEX 365transmission, probable mod
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INDEX 367dermatonomous (see D. cong
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INDEX 369Exophiala jeanselmei, 345F
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INDEX 371brucellosis, 43, 45-47camp
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INDEX 373bovis, 107, 109, 111, 112,
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INDEX 375listeriosis, 171, 173melio
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INDEX 377sporotrichosis, 353strepto
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