zoonoses and communicable diseases common to ... - PAHO/WHO

194 BACTERIOSESgen) of B. nodosus immunize satisfactorily against a homologous strain of the bacterium(Stewart et al., 1983a). In addition to the pili, which only protect againsthomologous strains, there are two other immunogens that could give heterologousimmunity. Vaccines made of whole cells tested against vaccines of purified pili (allhaving an equal pilus content) provided comparable protection. Although vaccinesusing whole cells are cheaper to produce and confer protection against heterologousstrains, they are irritants and cause weight loss (Stewart, 1983b).Control reduces but does not eliminate the problem. Some apparently healthy animalsmay harbor B. nodosus in their hooves and maintain the infection in the field.Prevention of calf diphtheria is achieved principally by maintaining hygienicstandards.Chlortetracycline administered in feedlot foods helps to reduce the incidence ofhepatic abscesses and allows the animals to gain weight normally (Timoney et al.,1988). An important preventive measure is not allowing animals to change abruptlyfrom their customary food to concentrated foods.BibliographyBartlett, J.G., S.M. Finegold. Anaerobic infections of the lung and pleural space. Am RevResp Dis 110:56–77, 1974.Berg, J.N., R.W. Loan. Fusobacterium necrophorum and Bacteroides melaninogenicus asetiologic agents of foot rot in cattle. Am J Vet Res 36:1115–1122, 1975.Claxton, P.D., L.A. Ribeiro, J.R. Egerton. Classification of Bacteroides nodosus by agglutinationtests. Aust Vet J 60:331–334, 1983.Cottral, G.E., ed. Manual of Standardized Methods for Veterinary Microbiology. Ithaca:Comstock; 1978.Finegold, S.M. Anaerobic bacteria. In: Wyngaarden, J.B., L.H. Smith, Jr., eds. CecilTextbook of Medicine. 16th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 1982.Gradin, J.L., J.A. Stephens, G.E. Pluhar, et al. Diversity of pilin of serologically distinctBacteroides nodosus. Am J Vet Res 52:202–205, 1991.Guarino, H., G. Uriarte, J.J. Berreta, J. Maissonnave. Estomatitis necrobacilar en terneros.Primera comunicación en Uruguay. In:Primer Congreso Nacional de Veterinaria, Montevideo,Sociedad de Medicina Veterinaria del Uruguay, 1982.Holdeman, L.V., R.W. Kelley, W.E.C. Moore. Anaerobic gram-negative straight, curved andhelical rods. In: Krieg, N.R., J.G. Holt. Vol I. Bergey’s Systematic Bacteriology. Baltimore:Williams & Wilkins; 1984.Islam, A.K.M.S., J.M. Shneerson. Primary meningitis caused by Bacteroides fragilis andFusobacterium necrophorum. Postgrad Med J 56:351–353, 1980.Jousimies-Somer, H.R., S. Finegold. Anaerobic gram-negative bacilli and cocci. In:Ballows, A., W.J. Hausler, Jr., K.L. Hermann, H.D. Isenberg, H.J. Shadomy, eds. Manual ofClinical Microbiology. 5th ed. Washington, D.C.: American Society for Microbiology; 1991.Kirby, B.D., W.L. George, V.L. Sutter, et al. Gram-negative anaerobic bacilli: Their role ininfection and patterns of susceptibility to antimicrobial agents. I. Little-known Bacteroidesspecies. Rev Infect Dis 2:914–951, 1980.Ribeiro, L.A.O. Foot-rot dos ovinos: etiología, patogenia e controle. Bol Inst Pesq VetFinamor 7:41–45, 1980.Seidenfeld, S.M., W.L. Sutker, J.P. Luby. Fusobacterium necrophorum septicemia followingoropharyngeal infection. JAMA 248:1348–1350, 1982.Stewart, D.J., B.L. Clark, D.L. Emery, J.E. Peterson, K.J. Fahey. A Bacteroides nodosusimmunogen, distinct from the pilus, which induces cross-protective immunity in sheep vaccinatedagainst footrot. Aust Vet J 60:83–85, 1983a.