zoonoses and communicable diseases common to ... - PAHO/WHO

166 BACTERIOSESare the protective antibodies and can be detected with serum protection assays inhamsters or with the growth inhibition test in culture media.A vaccine derived from the outer membrane of leptospires has been obtained andhas yielded very promising results in laboratory tests by conferring resistance notonly against the disease but also against the establishment of leptospiruria.Chemotherapy is promising. Experiments have shown that a single injection of dihydrostreptomycinat a dose of 25 mg/kg of bodyweight is effective against leptospiruriain cattle and swine. The infection has been eradicated in several herds withantibiotic treatment and proper environmental hygiene. The combination of vaccinationand chemotherapy for the control of swine leptospirosis has been proposed.Proper herd management is important for control. It has been repeatedly demonstratedthat swine can transmit the pomona serovar to cattle. Therefore, separationof these two species is important for prophylaxis.BibliographyAlexander, A.D. Leptospira. In: Balows, A., W.J. Hausler, K.L. Hermann, H.D. Isenberg,H.J. Shadomy, eds. Manual of Clinical Microbiology. 5th ed. Washington, D.C.: AmericanSociety for Microbiology; 1991.Alexander, A.D., W.E. Gochenour, Jr., K.R. Reinhard, M.K. Ward, R.H. Yagen.Leptospirosis. In: Bodily, H.L., ed. Diagnostic Procedures for Bacterial, Mycotic andParasitic Infections. 5th ed. New York: American Public Health Association, 1970.Alston, J.M., J.C. Broom. Leptospirosis in Man and Animals. Edinburgh, London:Livingstone; 1958.Benenson, A.S., ed. Control of Communicable Diseases in Man. 15th ed. An official reportof the American Public Health Association. Washington, D.C.: American Public HealthAssociation; 1990.Bercovich, Z., R. Taaijke, B.A. Bokhout. Evaluation of an ELISA for the diagnosis ofexperimentally induced and naturally occurring Leptospira hardjo infections in cattle. VetMicrobiol 21:255–262, 1990.Bernard, W.V., C. Bolin, T. Riddle, et al. Leptospiral abortion and leptospiruria in horsesfrom the same farm. J Am Vet Med Assoc 202:1285–1286, 1993.Bolin, C.A., J.A. Cassells, R.L. Zuerner, G. Trueba. Effect of vaccination with a monovalentLeptospira interrogans serovar hardjo type hardjo-bovis vaccine on type hardjo-bovisinfection of cattle. Am J Vet Res 52:1639–1643, 1991.Bolin, C.A., R.L. Zuerner, G. Trueba. Comparison of three techniques to detect Leptospirainterrogans serovar hardjo type hardjo-bovis in bovine urine. Am J Vet Res 50:1001–1003, 1989a.Bolin, C.A., R.L. Zuerner, G. Trueba. Effect of vaccination with a pentavalent leptospiralvaccine containing Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo type hardjo-bovis on type hardjobovisinfection in cattle. Am J Vet Res 50:2004–2008, 1989b.Cacchione, R.A. Enfoques de los estudios de la leptospirosis humana y animal en AméricaLatina. Rev Asoc Argent Microbiol 5:36–53, 100–111, 143–154, 1973.Cousins, D.V., T.M. Ellis, J. Parkinson, C.H. McGlashan. Evidence for sheep as a maintenancehost for Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo. Vet Rec 124:123–124, 1989.Diesch, S.L., H.C. Ellinghausen. Leptospiroses. In: Hubbert, W.T., W.F. McCulloch, P.R.Schnurrenberger, eds. Diseases Transmitted from Animals to Man. 6th ed. Springfield:Thomas; 1975.Ellis, W.A., J. Montgomery, J.A. Cassells. Dihydrostreptomycin treatment of bovine carriersof Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo. Res Vet Sci 39:292–295, 1985.