zoonoses and communicable diseases common to ... - PAHO/WHO

6 BACTERIOSESKoebler, C., A. Chatwani, R. Schwartz. Actinomycosis infection associated with intrauterinecontraceptive devices. Am J Obstet Gynecol 145:596–599, 1983.Lerner, P.L. Actinomyces and Arachnia species. In: Mandell, G.L., R.G. Douglas, Jr., J.E.Bennett, eds. Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. 3rd ed. New York: ChurchillLivingstone, Inc.; 1990.Pier, A.C. The actinomycetes. In: Hubbert, W.T., W.F. McCulloch, P.R. Schnurrenberger,eds. Diseases Transmitted from Animals to Man. 6th ed. Springfield: Thomas; 1975.Valicenti, J.F., Jr., A.A. Pappas, C.D. Graber, H.O. Williamson, N.F. Willis. Detection andprevalence of IUD-associated Actinomyces colonization and related morbidity. A prospectivestudy of 69,925 cervical smears. JAMA 247:1149–1152, 1982.Wilson, G. Actinomycosis, actinobacillosis, and related diseases. In: Smith, G.R., ed. Vol3: Topley and Wilson’s Principles of Bacteriology, Virology and Immunity. Baltimore:Williams & Wilkins; 1984.AEROMONIASISICD-10 AO5.8 other specified bacterial foodborne intoxicationsEtiology: The genus Aeromonas is classified within the family Vibrionaceae andshares some characteristics with members of other genera of this family. However,genetic hybridization studies indicate that the genus Aeromonas is sufficiently differentto place it in a new family, with the suggested name of Aeromonadaceae. Twogroups can be distinguished in the genus Aeromonas. The first group is psychrophilicand nonmotile and is represented by Aeromonas salmonicida, an importantpathogen for fish (the agent of furunculosis). It does not affect man because itcannot reproduce at a temperature of 37°C. The second group is mesophilic andmotile, and it is this group that causes aeromoniasis, a disease common to man andanimals. These aeromonas are gram-negative, straight bacilli ranging from 1 to 3microns in length. They have a polar flagellum and are oxidase positive and facultativelyanaerobic. They essentially include the species A. hydrophila, A. sobria, andA. caviae (Janda and Duffey, 1988), to which A. veronii and A. schuberti were addedlater, as well as the genospecies A. jandae and A. trota. However, only A. hydrophilaand A. sobria are of clinical interest.More recent hybridization studies show that the A. hydrophila complex is geneticallyvery variable. Thirteen different genospecies have been established, but froma practical standpoint the three principal phenospecies are retained. It is possible toidentify 95% of isolates on the basis of their biochemical properties (Janda, 1991).A system of 40 serogroups was established based on the somatic antigens (O) ofA. hydrophila and A. caviae. All the O antisera contain antibodies to the rugose form(R) of the bacillus, and thus the antisera must be absorbed by culturing the R formbefore being used (Sakazaki and Shimada, 1984). Typing is done by gel proteinelectrophoresis, isoenzyme analysis, and genetic analysis. Isoenzyme analysis madeit possible to identify genospecies through four enzymes. All these methods have