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- MCCONNEY P., FANNING L., MAHON R., SIMMONS B. Survey of the regional science-policy interface for oceangovernance in the wider Caribbean region. CERMES Technical Report N51: Barbados, 2012.- NEGIN, Joel; MARTINIUK, Alexandra. Sector wide approaches for health in small island states: Lessons learned fromthe Solomon Islands. Global Public Health: An International Journal for Research, Policy and Practice, 13 Jun 2011.- NURSE, A. Leonard. Incorporating Climate Change Projections into Caribbean Fisheries Management, Centre forResource management and environmental studies. Barbados, 2009.- NURSE, Keith. The cultural industries and sustainable development in small island developing states, Institute ofInternational Relations. Trinidad and Tobago, 2007.- RAM-BIDESI, Vina; TSAMENYI, Martin. Implications of the tuna management regime for domestic industrydevelopment in the Pacific Island States. Elsevier: Australia, 2003.- RIETBERGEN, Simon; HAMMOND, Tom; SAYEGH, Chucri; HESSELINK, Frits; MOONEY, Kieran. Island voices – islandchoices, Developing strategies for living with rapid ecosystem change in small islands. IUCN, 2008.- SCHEYVENS, Regina; MOMSEN, Janet. Tourism and Poverty Reduction: issues for Small Island States. TourismGeographies: An International Journal of Tourism Space, Place and Environment, 12 Feb 2008.- VALLEGA, Adalberto. The role of culture in island sustainable development. Elsevier: Genoa, 2007UN, Government and International Organizations- IPCC, Fifth Assessment Report Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability, regional chapter onSmall Islands.- UN-DESA, Trends in Sustainable Development, Small Island Developing States, 2009.- UN-DESA, Trends in Sustainable Development, Small Island Developing States, 2012.- Australian Government; Australian AID. Climate Change in the Pacific. Scientific Assessment and New Research:Volume 1: Regional Overview. CSIRO: Australia, 2011.- KOSHY, Kanayathu; MATAKI, Melchior; LAL, Murari. Sustainable Development – A pacific islands perspective: Areport on follow up to the Mauritius 2005 Review of the Barbados Programme of Action. UNESCO & USP: Samoa,2008.- UNEP. Global Environment Outlook Small Island Developing States. Kenya, 2014.- UNEP, Emerging Issues for Small Island Developing States, Results of the UNEP Foresight Process, Kenya, 2014- Ministry of Environment, Housing and Territory Planning; UN Office in Cape Verde; UNEP; UNDA. Climate changevulnerability assessment of Cape Verde - Summary for policy makers, 2007.- UNEP; SPC. Freshwater under threat, Pacific islands, Vulnerability Assessment of Freshwater Resources toEnvironmental Change. Thailand 2011.- Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat; Australian AID; UNDP. Pacific Climate Change Finance Assessment, Nauru CaseStudy, Final Report. Fiji, 2013.130
Chapter 7.Science Issues for the Attention of Policy Makers7.1. IntroductionThe identification of new and emerging issues, drawing onscientific evidence, assessments and projections, is afunction of the science-policy interface (see Chapter 1). Inthis context, this chapter reports on the process and resultsfrom an experiment to crowd-source briefs from interestedscientific communities around the world. This initiative wasundertaken in the context of identifying “emerging issues”from a science-based perspective.The categorization of an issue as “emerging” involves adegree of subjective judgment, as emphasized, e.g., in theUNEP Foresight process 2012. 540 An issue can also beunderstood as emerging where the scientific communityconsiders it important, but the policy community has notgiven it “adequate” attention. Others argue that an issuebecomes “emerging” as soon as there scientific confidencein causality is established. 541 It must be clear that these arebroad generalizations; some issues have been squarely onthe policy agenda – climate change for instance – for a longtime, but with attention arguably failing to translate intoaction commensurate with the scale of the problem. Theinherently subjective process of identifying “emergingissues” can be guided by criteria, e.g., those used in theUNEP Foresight exercise. In an inter-dependent world,what at first appear to be local and isolated problems maypotentially be of global significance.Table 7-1. UNEP foresight criteria for “emerging issues”Indicative criteriaIllustrative issueGlobal significance - is critical to achievingsustainable development in many parts of the worldAffects one or more of the dimensions ofsustainable developmentEvidence-based, including scientific and traditionalsources of knowledgeNewness - the result of new knowledgeSource: Adapted from UNEP Foresight 2012. 540Climate changeDisasterreductionBiotechnology,GMOsOcean acidificationA range of approaches can be applied to identify a set ofemerging issues; a common way is expert consensus, usingcriteria to collect an initial list of issues, which is thenwhittled down in the course of discussions among experts.The involvement of experts tends to enhance the credibilityof the process. 542 Criteria are explicit, and the process ofselection and elimination of issues can be transparentlyrecorded and justified. The overall exercise can becharacterized as systematic. However, while observers canscrutinise the process, initial choices about the framing andrisk131articulation of criteria, as well as the selection of experts,may significantly affect what issues are identified as“emerging”. Related to this, the perceived legitimacy ofsuch exercises will depend on the extent to which theprocess is perceived as unbiased and fair in the treatmentof views. These weaknesses may be overcome bycombining the structured process with crowd-sourcing.By contrast, the “crowd-sourced” approach adopted for theGSDR and described below lacks the systematic characterof more formal exercises designed to identify emergingissues. Lacking the pedigree of formal assessmentexercises, credibility is more difficult to assess, but can bejudged from, e.g., the degree to which findings aregrounded in the peer-reviewed literature. Because theopen call contained only very minimal criteria, very fewissues were foreclosed from the beginning. In a sense theapproach can be compared to the first, scoping stage of anexpert-led process, when the “raw” list of issues iscompiled. But for the present report the process of scopingwas decentralized with expert contributors from diversedisciplines and a range of countries. As a result, policymakersgain access to a bottom-up, largely unfilteredscience perspective, with the freedom to judge the policyrelevanceof the issues identified. Many inputs werereceived from younger scientists and scientists fromdeveloping countries who previously were not typicallyinvolved in UN-related activities and debates.The result is a wealth of information that scientists wouldlike policy makers to consider in their deliberations at theUnited Nations, in particular relation to the mandate of theHigh-level Political Forum on Sustainable Development(HLPF) to strengthen the science-policy interface. However,it must be emphasized that the crowd-sourcing exercise ispresented as a complement to more formal assessmentexercises in the context of the science-policy interface. Thisis in keeping with one of the overall objectives of the GSDRto feature a wide range of perspective from multiplechannels.The present chapter also presents selected highlights fromscientific journals on sustainability science and on big dataapplications for sustainable development. It reviewsexisting mechanisms in the UN system to identify“emerging issues” and provides empirical data on thetypical time-lags between environmental science andpolicy. It concludes with a number of issues forconsideration by the HLPF.
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GLOBAL SUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENT REPOR
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ForewordIn September 2015, world le
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3.1. Interlinked issues: oceans, se
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7.2.1. Open call for inputs to the
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Box 5-10. Operationalizing inclusiv
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Figure 8-8. Location of ambulance u
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Hentinnen (DFID); Annabelle Moatty
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Friendship University of Russia, Ru
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List of Abbreviations and AcronymsA
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IRENAIRIISEALISSCITCITU-TIUCNIUUIWM
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USAIDVPoAVSSWBGUWCDRRWEFWFPWMOWTOWW
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Figure ES-0-1. Possible roles for t
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Figure ES-0-2. Links among SDGs thr
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increase either the availability or
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Chapter 1.The Science Policy Interf
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Complex relationship between scienc
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Communication between scientists an
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1.2.1. Highlighting trends and prov
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International, Marine Stewardship C
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limited. There is a relative dearth
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educe the time lag between science
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Chapter 2. Integrated Perspectives
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2.1.4. Recommendations by the Inter
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ultimate idea is systems design - t
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2.2. Integrated SDG perspectives in
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Hunger andagriculturePovertyWorld B
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IIASA-GEAPBLSEIOECDRITE-ALPSFEEMGSG
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Table 2-4. Number of models capturi
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In order for oceans, seas and marin
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fully integrated scientific assessm
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While some efforts are undertaken t
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Table 3-3. Impact of important clas
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Marine pollution from marine and la
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While the scientific coverage of th
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managementinitiative in BancoChinch
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equired, with natural and social sc
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Table 4-1. SDGs and DRR linkagesSDG
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poverty forces low-income household
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Figure 4-1. Economic losses relativ
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OECD countries and, if they are ava
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4.3.4. Baseline setting and assessi
Page 84: Using assessed levels of risk as ba
Page 87 and 88: Table 4-3. Disaster management cycl
Page 89 and 90: New sensor data also includes unman
Page 91 and 92: Chapter 5. Economic Growth, Inclusi
Page 93 and 94: Table 5-1. Industrial policy waves
Page 95 and 96: Figure 5-3. Number of Y02 patents p
Page 97 and 98: increasingly production specific an
Page 99 and 100: 5.3. Industrialisation and social s
Page 101 and 102: education will either make it hard
Page 103 and 104: Table 5-3. UNEP’s five key types
Page 105 and 106: 5.6. Concluding remarksThe precedin
Page 107 and 108: occurs despite the lower share of e
Page 109 and 110: LLDCs face several development chal
Page 111 and 112: technology-innovation (STI) policie
Page 113 and 114: 6.2.3. Relevant publications for LD
Page 115 and 116: - A patent bank would help LDCs sec
Page 117 and 118: In comparison to the Almaty Program
Page 119 and 120: Box 6-6. ASYCUDA and Landlocked Cou
Page 121 and 122: 6.4.5. The landscape of SIDS relate
Page 123 and 124: Table 6-2. Example of science-polic
Page 125 and 126: Figure 6-9. Data availability for i
Page 127 and 128: Review Focusing on the Least Develo
Page 129 and 130: Table 6-5. Coverage of SDGs in publ
Page 131 and 132: - SYLWESTER, Kevin. Foreign direct
Page 133: SIDS:- UNCTAD. Improving transit tr
Page 137 and 138: 7.2.1. Open call for inputs to the
Page 139 and 140: implementation (SDG17), peaceful an
Page 141 and 142: percentage of women holding a leade
Page 143 and 144: environment, in order to make stron
Page 145 and 146: technology transfer. Respect for ea
Page 147 and 148: Figure 7-5. Concentrations of plast
Page 149 and 150: SDGs What is measured? Data source
Page 151 and 152: UN SystementityECLAC Drafted and re
Page 153 and 154: Figure 7-6 shows very wide ranges f
Page 155 and 156: Table 7-8. Factors that promoted or
Page 157 and 158: Chapter 8. New Data Approaches for
Page 159 and 160: These novel Internet- and SMS-based
Page 161 and 162: GabonNamibiaNigerSenegalRep CongoC
Page 163 and 164: Figure 8-5. Poverty map for Guinea,
Page 165 and 166: Figure 8-9. Map of internet connect
Page 167 and 168: Box 8-11. A geographical approach t
Page 169 and 170: There are many well established met
Page 171 and 172: epidemics. Some African countries a
Page 173 and 174: Figure 8-13. Data innovations cover
Page 175 and 176: issues” in respective areas of ex
Page 177 and 178: Notes1 United Nations, Prototype Gl
Page 179 and 180: 51 Contributions sent by national l
Page 181 and 182: 112 The 72 models are: AIM, ASF, AS
Page 183 and 184: 201 For more information, please vi
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276 A. R. Subbiah, Lolita Bildan, a
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354 Information available at: http:
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African Economic Outlook, Structura
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512 Report Of The International Min
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595 Jessica N. Reimer et.al, Health
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671 Pulselabkampala.ug, 'UNFPA Ugan
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732 Climate Change timeline: (a) Sc
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790 Oxfam. ICT in humanitarian prac
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863 T. Dinku. New approaches to imp
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