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African Economic Outlook, Structural Transformation & Natural Resources – The Primary Sector in Africa Past and Present (Nairobi, 2013),www.africaneconomicoutlook.org/theme/structural-transformation-and-natural-resources/the-primary-sector-in-africa-past-and-present.421 UN ECA and African Union, Economic Report on Africa 2013: Making the Most of Africa’s Commodities Industrializing for Growth, Jobs and EconomicTransformation (Addis Ababa, 2013).422 Ibid.423 UN ECA, Economic Report on Africa 2015: Industrializing through trade (Addis Ababa, 2015 – forthcoming).424 S. Straub, Infrastructure and Growth in Developing Countries: Recent Advances and Research Challenges. Policy Research Working Paper 4460 (Washington, DC:World Bank, 2008).425 World Bank, World Development Report 1994: Infrastructure for Development (Washington, DC: World Bank, 1994).426 Economic infrastructure is comprised of energy and piped gas, telecommunications, piped water supply, sanitation and sewerage, and solid waste collection anddisposal; roads and major dam and canal works for irrigation and drainage; and other transport sectors-urban and interurban railways, urban transport,ports and waterways, and airports. (Ibid.)427 A. Andreoni, Varieties of Industrial Policy: Models, Packages and Transformation Cycles. IPD-JICA Task Force (Columbia University Press,2014).428 E. O’Sullivan et al., What Is New in the New Industrial Policy? A Manufacturing System Perspective (Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 2013), 432-462.429 A. Andreoni, Production as Missing Dimension of Human Development. Background paper for the UNDP’s Human Development Report 2015 (New York, 2015);S. Barrientos, G. Gereffi and A. Rossi, Economic and Social Upgrading in Global Production Networks: A New Paradigm for a Changing World (InternationalLabour Review, 2011), 319–340.430 D. Rodrik, Industrial Policy for the Twenty-First Century (Cambridge: Harvard University, 2004); H.-J. Chang, A. Andreoni and M.L. Kuan (2014). InternationalIndustrial Policy Experiences and the Lessons for the UK. Background paper for The Future of Manufacturing (London: Government Office for Science, 2014).431 H.-J. Chang, A. Andreoni and M.L. Kuan, International Industrial Policy Experiences and the Lessons for the UK. Background paper for The Future of Manufacturing(London: Government Office for Science, 2014).432 J.Y. Lin and H.-J. Chang, Should Industrial Policy in Developing Countries Conform to Comparative Advantage or Defy it? A Debate between Justin Lin and Ha-JoonChang (Development Policy Review, 2009), 483–502.433 UNIDO, Breaking In and Moving Up: New Industrial Challenges for the Bottom Billion and the Middle-Income Countries (Vienna, 2009); UNIDO, IndustrialDevelopment Report 2013: Sustaining Employment Growth - The Role of Manufacturing and Structural Change (Vienna, 2013).434 UNCTAD, The Least Developed Countries Report 2014 - Growth with Structural Transformation: A Post-2015 Development Agenda (Washington, DC: UnitedNations, 2014).435 See e.g., Hidalgo and Hausmann, The building blocks of economic complexity (PNAS, 2009) vol. 106, no. 26.436 UNIDO, Input to the Report of the Secretary-General for the 2013 Annual Ministerial Review of UN ECOSOC (SQA/DPR/OD, 2013).437 United States Department of Commerce (2012). The Competitiveness and Innovative Capacity of the United States. Washington, DC.438 European Commission, Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and theCommittee of the Regions: “A Stronger European Industry for Growth and Economic Recovery” (Brussels, 2012)439 European Commission, Green Paper: Long-term Financing of the European Economy (Brussels, 2013).440 UNIDO and Government of Costa Rica, Declaration following the High-level Conference of Middle-Income Countries on Challenges for Sustainable Developmentand International Cooperation in Middle-Income Countries: The Role of Networks for Prosperity, (San José, Costa Rica: 2013).441 The question has been famously asked how one city in Pakistan, Sialkot, came to produce 40% of the world supply of soccer balls. The origin of the industrydates back to a time when British colonials wanted a local supply of soccer balls.442 A. Mohammed, Outlook on the Global Agenda 2015: Deepening Income Inequality, (World Economic Forum, 2014), http://reports.weforum.org/outlook-globalagenda-2015/top-10-trends-of-2015/1-deepening-income-inequality.443 J. Weiss, “Industrial Policy in the Twenty-First Century: Challenges for the Future.” In Pathways to Industrialization in the Twenty-First Century: New Challengesand Emerging Paradigms, eds. A. Szirmai, W., Naudé and L. Alcorta, (UNU-WIDER and Oxford University Press, 2013).444 UNIDO, Inclusive and Sustainable Industrial Development: Creating Shared Prosperity – Safeguarding the Environment (Vienna, 2014).445UNIDO, Industrial Development Report 2013: Sustaining Employment Growth - The Role of Manufacturing and Structural Change (Vienna: 2013).446 UNDP, Human Development Report 2013: The Rise of the South: Human Progress in a Diverse World, 2013.447 Upadhyaya,Shyam and David Kepplinger, How industrial development matters to the well-being of the population: Some statistical evidence (UNIDO WorkingPaper 04/2014).448 ECLAC. Structural Change for Equity: An Integrated Approach to Development (Santiago, 2012).449 Structural Change For Equality: An Integrated Approach To Development, Thirty-Fourth Session Of ECLAC, 27-31 August (San Salvador: ECLAC, 2012).450 R. Islam, The Nexus of Economic Growth, Employment and Poverty Reduction: An Empirical Analysis (Geneva: International Labor Organization, 2004).451 Looking At Trade Policy Through “Gender Lens", Summary Of Seven Country Studies Conducted By UNCTAD (UNCTAD, 2014).452 Ibid.453 Makhtar Diop, 'How Empowering Women Can Help End Poverty In Africa', Blog, 2015, http://blogs.worldbank.org/nasikiliza/how-empowering-women-can-helpend-poverty-africa.454 Ibid.455 Shyam Upadhyaya and David Kepplinger, How Industrial Development Matters To The Well-Being Of The Population: Some Statistical Evidence. (Vienna: UNIDO,2014).456 A Szirmai and A Lavopa, Industrialization, Employment And Poverty, Working Paper Series, No. 2012-081 (Maastricht.: UNU-MERIT, 2012).457 The Role Of Manufacturing And Structural Change, Industrial Development Report 2013: Sustaining Employment Growth (Vienna, 2013).458 World Development Report: Poverty., Fighting Poverty. American Economic Review, 83(2), (New York, NY: World Bank, 1990)..459 M Mahmood, A Andreoni and HJ Chang, Developing With Jobs: Manufacturing Growth, Productive Employment And Policies In Developing Countries, ILO Series(Palgrave Macmillan, 2015).460 The Role Of Manufacturing And Structural Change., Industrial Development Report 2013: Sustaining Employment Growth (Vienna: UNIDO, 2013).461 Ibid.462 The Role Of Manufacturing And Structural Change., Industrial Development Report 2013: Sustaining Employment Growth (Vienna: UNIDO, 2013).463 Ibid.185