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390 H.-J. Chang, A. Andreoni and M.L. Kuan, “International Industrial Policy Experiences and the Lessons for the UK”. In The Future of UK Manufacturing: ScenarioAnalysis, Financial Markets and Industrial Policy, ed. A. Hughes (London: UK-IRC, 2014); J. Stiglitz and J.Y. Lin (eds.), The Industrial Policy Revolution I(Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2013); A. Noman, K. Botchwey, H. Stein and J. Stiglitz, Good Growth and Governance in Africa: Rethinking Development Strategies(Oxford: Oxford University Pres, 2011); M. Mazzucato, The Entrepreneurial State (London: Anthem Press, 2014); S. Berger, Making in America (Cambridge,MA: MIT Press, 2013).391 R. Hausmann and D. Rodrik (2002), Economic Development as Self-Discovery, NBER Working Paper No. 8952, May.392 J. Stiglitz and J.Y. Lin (eds.), The Industrial Policy Revolution I (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2013); H.-J. Chang, A. Andreoni and M.L. Kuan, International Industrial PolicyExperiences and the Lessons for the UK. Background paper for The Future of Manufacturing (London : Government Office for Science, 2014); E. O’Sullivan,A. Andreoni, G. Lopez-Gomez and M. Gregory, What is New in the New Industrial Policy? A Manufacturing System Perspective (Oxford Review of EconomicPolicy, 2013), 432-462; A. Andreoni, Varieties of Industrial Policy: Models, Packages and Transformation Cycles. IPD-JICA Task Force (Columbia UniversityPress, 2014).393 H. Winkler (2011), Closed-loop production systems – a sustainable supply chain approach, CIRP Journal of Manufacturing Science and Technology, 4:1, 243-246.394 D. Rodrik, Unconditional Convergence in Manufacturing (Quarterly Journal of Economics, 2013).395 The term structural transformation is used when structural change leads to sustained economic growth and job-creation through the improved allocation ofresources. See M.S. McMillan and D. Rodrik, Globalization, Structural Change and Productivity Growth. Working Paper 17143 (Cambridge, MA: NationalBureau of Economic Research, 2011)..396 United Nations Technical Support Team ,Sustained and Inclusive Economic Growth, Infrastructure Development, and Industrialization, (2013).397 J.A. Ocampo, The Quest for Dynamic Efficiency: Structural Dynamics and Economic Growth in Developing Countries. In: Beyond Reforms: Structural Dynamicsand Macroeconomic Vulnerability, ed. Ocampo, J.A., (Santiago: Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean and Stanford University Press,2005).398 J.A. Ocampo and R. Vos, “Structural Change and Economic Growth”. in Uneven Economic Development, eds. J.A. Ocampo and R. Vos, (London: Zed Books, 2008).399 UNDESA (2006). World Economic and Social Survey 2006: Diverging Growth and Development. New York, NY.400 M.S. McMillan and D. Rodrik, Globalization, Structural Change and Productivity Growth (Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2011).401 A. Lavopa and A. Szirmai, Industrialization, Employment and Poverty (Maastricht : UNU-MERIT Working Paper Series, No. 2012-081, 2012).402 UNIDO estimation based on UNIDO INDSTAT2 .403 Technological upgrading and innovation can change the intensity of knowledge use both within and across sectors, and the structure of input-outputrelationships. See: UNIDO, Industrial Development Report 2013: Sustaining Employment Growth - The Role of Manufacturing and Structural Change (Vienna,2013).404M-C Liua and S-H Chen, MNCs’ offshore R&D networks in host country's regional innovation system: The case of Taiwan-based firms in China (Research Policy,41:6, 2012).405 OECD, Perspectives on Global Development 2013 - Industrial Policies in a Changing World: Shifting Up a Gear (Paris, 2013).406 A.J.O. Silva and S. Mendonca, The Grand Green Challenge: Assessing Progress in Eco-Innovation through Y02 Patents (2015, forthcoming).407 Ibid.408 S. Berger, Production in the Innovation Economy (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2013).; R.M. Locke and R. Wellhausen, Production in the Innovation Economy(Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2014).409 A.J.O. Silva and S. Mendoza, The Grand Green Challenge: Assessing Progress in Eco-Innovation through Y02 Patents (2015, forthcoming).410 R.A. Hernández, J.M. Martínez-Piva and N. Mulder (eds.), Global Value Chains and World Trade: Prospects and Challenges for Latin America (Santiago: EconomicCommission for Latin America and the Caribbean, 2014).411 Trade unleashes market forces that lead to the reallocation of labour, capital and natural resources among productive activities within and across sectors.Imports of commodities, manufactures and services not efficiently produced domestically, can free up resources for use in more productive sectors. Accessto large export markets helps producers realize economies of scale, enhancing production efficiencies for established exports and encouraging investment innew higher value added sectors. Production and export focuses on products for which a country has comparative advantage; both final products for endconsumers and intermediate goods comprising GVCs. Further information on this topic is available in several UNCTAD publications, and most recently, "TheLeast Developed Countries Report: Growth with Structural Transformation: A post-2015 development agenda", UNCTAD, 2014, Geneva.412 UNDESA, World Economic and Social Survey 2013: Sustainable Development Challenges (New York, NY: United Nations, 2013).413 UNIDO, Industrial Development Report 2013: Sustaining Employment Growth - The Role of Manufacturing and Structural Change (Vienna, 2013).414 P. Lai, China’s Foreign Trade: Achievements, Determinants and Future Policy Challenges (China and World Economy, 2004), 38-50.415 ECLAC, Global Value Chains and World Trade: Prospects and Challenges for Latin America (Santiago de Chile, 2014); UNIDO, Industrial Development Report 2013:Sustaining Employment Growth - The Role of Manufacturing and Structural Change (Vienna, 2013); W. Milberg and D. Winkler, Outsourcing Economics:Global Value Chains in Capitalist Development (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013).416 A. Szirmai, W. Naudé and L. Alcorta (eds.), Pathways to Industrialization in the Twenty-First Century: New Challenges and Emerging Paradigms (Helsinki: UNU-WIDER and Oxford University Press, 2013).417 According to a 2013 UN TST Issues Brief ‘Sustained and Inclusive Economic Growth, Infrastructure Development, and Industrialization’, agro industry “providescapital and services to farmers (e.g. seeds and equipment, training, production and market information), promotes entrepreneurship, raises demand foragricultural products and connects farmers with markets through the handling, processing, marketing and distribution of agricultural products. As a result,productivity and quality of agricultural production, farm returns, economic stability for rural households, food security and innovation throughout the valuechain can be enhanced.” Efficient agro-industry together with strong stakeholder linkages can stimulate agricultural growth, and increase farmers’ incomes.UNIDO, FAD and FAO, The Importance of Agro-Industry for Socio-Economic Development and Poverty Reduction. Prepared for UN Commission on SustainableDevelopment 16 th Session (New York, 2008).418 UNIDO, Industrial Development Report 2013: Sustaining Employment Growth - The Role of Manufacturing and Structural Change (Vienna, 2013).419 UNIDO, International Fund for Agricultural Development and Food and Agriculture Organization, The Importance of Agro-Industry For SocioeconomicDevelopment And Poverty Reduction. Discussion Paper: UN Commission on Sustainable Development - 16th Session. Prepared For Side-Event On: “HowAgro-Industry Can Help Eradicate Poverty” (New York, 2008).420 Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa, Africa Agriculture Status Report: Focus on Stable Crops (Nairobi: African Economic Outlook, 2014).184