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112 The 72 models are: AIM, ASF, ASTRA, CAPRI, CETAX, CLEWS/CLEWD, CLIMEX, CLUE, DEAN, DICE, E3ME, E3MG, ECOMOD, EcoSense, EFISCEN, ENTICE-BR, ETA,EU-CLUE Scanner, EUFASOM, EUROMOD, FAIR, FAMOUS, FUND, GAINS, GCAM, G-CUBED, GEM-CCGT, GEM-E3, GENIE, GINFORS, GTAP-E, GTEM, ICLIPS, IFs(International Futures), IGSM, IIASA/VID, IMACLIM, IMAGE, iTREN, LEITAP, LINK or WEFM, MAGICC, MAMS, MARKAL-TIMES, MERGE, MESSAGE, MIRAGE, NEAC,NEMESIS, NIEIR, OECD-GREEN, PACE, PAGE2002, PEEC, PHEONIX, POLES, PRIMES, QUEST, Rander's 2052, Rigobon and Rodrik, SGM (Second Generation Model),SENSOR, SEAMLESS, Threshold-21 (T21), TRANS-TOOLS, T-REMOVE, VACLAV, VLEEM, WaterGAP, WATSIM, WEM (World Energy Model), WorldScan.113 Please refer to: https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/globalsdreport/2015/chapter2114 European Commission, A Scoping Study on the Macroeconomic View of Sustainability, final report for the European Commission, prepared by H. Pollitt et al fromCambridge Econometrics, and Elke Pirgmaier et al from Sustainable Europe Research Institute (2010).115 Hak et al., (2007).116 R. A. Roehrl, Sustainable development scenarios for Rio+20, a component of the sustainable development in the 21st Century (SD21) project (New York: UnitedNations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Division for Sustainable Development, 2012).117 e.g. ECOMOD, GEM-E3, MARKAL-TIMES, OECD-GREEN, and PACE models118 Devarajan, S., M. J. Miller and E. V. Swanson, Goals for Development: History, Prospects, and Costs (Washington D. C.: World Bank, 2002).119 GEMCCGT, G-CUBED and GTAP120 e.g. DEAN, E3MG, GEM-E3, and WorldScan121 Daly, H.E. (1992), “Allocation, Distribution, and Scale: Towards an Economics that is Efficient, Just, and Sustainable”, Ecological Economics 6, pp.185-193.122 Jean-Charles Hourcade et al., Hybrid Modeling: New Answers to Old Challenges (The Energy Journal, 2006).123 Inter-linkage refers to “…a qualitative or quantitative relationship between two or more sustainable development indicators that can be based on statisticalanalysis or on the results of formal or applied methods or models of political, socio-economic and environmental interactions.” Interlinkages exist if a change in oneindicator causes changes in one or more other indicators, either directly or indirectly through third variables. Interlinkages also exist if two or more indicators arepositively or negatively influenced by the same policy actions.124 Van Herwijnen, M. (ed.), Review report on methods, tools and models for assessment of SD in-terlinkages (Institute for Environmental Studies, University Amsterdam,2007).125 e.g. AIM, CLEWD, DICE, IFs, and Rander’s 2052126 In order to be in line with ongoing international discussions, the term “oceans, seas and marine resources” is used. It is nevertheless to be noted that the term“ocean” is oftentimes used in scientific literature as the various basins of the oceans are interconnected.127 For more information, please visit: http://www.worldoceanassessment.org/128 Annex II is available on the DESA-administered Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform under:https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/globalsdreport/2015.129 Source: Chapter lead’s elaboration based on inputs received from contributing experts.130 Burkhard et al., Landscapes’ capacities to provide ecosystem services–a concept for land-cover based assessments (2009).131 Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity, Booklet: Biodiversity for Development and Poverty Alleviation (2012).132 FAO, The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture (2012).133 IMO, International Shipping Facts and Figures: Information Resources on Trade, Safety, Security, Environment (2012).134 UNWTO, Secretariat of Ramsar Convention on Wetlands, Destination Wet Lands: Supporting Sustainable Tourism (2012).135 IOC/UNESCO, IMO, FAO, UND, A Blueprint for Ocean and Coastal Sustainability.136 UNEP (2009): The Natural Fix?: The Role of Ecosystems in Climate Mitigation.137 United Nations General Assembly resolution A/66/298 (2011). Protection of coral reefs for sustainable livelihoods and development.138 IOC/UNESCO, IMO, FAO, UNDP, A Blueprint for Ocean and Coastal Sustainability (2011).139 Adaptation from United Nations Technical Support Team, TST Issues Brief: Oceans and Seas (2013).140 The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) sets out the legal framework within which all activities in the oceans and seas must be carriedout. It enshrines the notion that all problems of ocean space are closely interrelated and need to be considered as a whole.141 Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Synthesis (2015).142 United Nations General Assembly resolution A/68/970.143 See for example: Visbeck et al., Securing blue wealth: The need for a special sustainable development goal for the ocean and coasts (48 Marine Policy, 2014),184-191.; Global Ocean Forum, Proposal for a Sustainable Development Goal on Oceans and Seas (2014).144 ICSU, ISSC, Review of the Sustainable Development Goals: The Science Perspective (2015).145 http://www.unga-regular-process.org/content/view/18/20/index.html146 For more information, please visit:: http://www.unep-wcmc-apps.org/gramed/.147 For more information, please visit: http://www.worldoceanassessment.org/148 The high seas are all parts of the sea that are not included in the exclusive economic zone, in the territorial sea or in the internal waters of a State, or in thearchipelagic waters of an archipelagic State, according to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea –“UNCLOS” (article 86).149 The Area is the seabed and ocean floor and subsoil thereof, beyond the limits of national jurisdiction (UNCLOS, article 1).150 Outcome of the Working Group, including recommendations and Co-Chairs' summary of discussions (issued as document A/69/780)151 e.g. United Nations World Ocean Assessment, European Commission’s Mapping and Assessment of Ecosystem Services, Mapping Ocean Wealth , IOC-UNESCO’sOcean Biogeographic Information System.152 For more information, please visit: http://www.worldoceanassessment.org/153 For more information, please visit: http://www.coml.org/154 For more information, please visit: http://www.iobis.org/155 For more information, please visit: http://wwf.panda.org/156 e.g., wind and solar energy, hydropower, geothermal energy, and bio-energy157 For more information, please visit: http://www.worldoceanassessment.org/158 For more information, please visit:: http://oceanwealth.org/resources/159 For more information, please visit: http://www.worldoceanassessment.org/160 For more information, please visit: http://www.oceanhealthindex.org/177