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732 Climate Change timeline: (a) Science: 1987 SCOPE scientists warn that human induced climate change could cause increases in climate variability and of extremeweather events. (b) Policy: National 2008 UK Climate Change Act; Regional 2009 EU climate and energy; Global 1988/1989 - Scientific conferences in Toronto andNordwijk call for a global action plan, a Framework Convention from 1988 levels and for a reduction of 20 % in global CO2 by 2003. The Kyoto Protocol was adoptedin Kyoto, Japan, on 11 December 1997 and entered into force on 16 February 2005. (c) Impact: CO2 concentrations continue to rise.733 DDT timeline: (a) Science: 1949 American Journal of Public Health 1949, Possible hazards from the use of DDT, 39 ed., pp. 925–927. 1962 The novel Silent Springwas published, drawing attention to the impacts of chemicals on the environment and human health. Special emphasis was given to DDT. (b) Policy: National 1970DDT banned in Swedish agriculture; based on the increasing amount of data on environmental effects, restrictions on the use of DDT were set in place in differentcountries Global 2004 Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants came into force eliminating the production and use of DDT except for disease vectorcontrol where safe, effective and affordable alternatives are not available. (c) Impact: HHR 1992 human milk from Sweden collected from 1972 and 1992 decreasedfrom 3081 to 483 pg/g lipid over this 20 year period (Lunden and Noren 1998).734 Tobacco timeline: (a) Science: Smoking 1939 Franz Müller (1939) uses 86 cases of lung cancer compared to controls to show that heavy smokers had 16 timesthe lung cancer deaths than non‐smokers; 1953 A UK Government Advisory Committee concluded that the 'association was causal' and 'young people should bewarned' (Ministry of Health, 1953a, 1953b and 1954). 2nd hand smoking 1981 Seminal epidemiological studies in 1981 demonstrated that second-hand smokeexposure was associated with lung cancer - General report in 1986 concluded that the link is causal (US DHHS, 1986). (b) Policy: National 1965 UK Afterconsiderable debate, the government used the powers vested in it under the terms of the 1964 Television Act to ban cigarette advertisements on television. Thiswas after consultation with the ITA. Global 2003 WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO FCTC). (c) Impact: HHR 2010 Adult smoking prevalencedropped from 27% in 2000 to 20% in 2010.735 Acid Rain timeline: (a) Science: 1968 Acidification of precipitation and rivers in Sweden is linked to sulphur dioxide emissions in other Countries; 1972 Furtherevidence of acidification of Swedish lakes presented to the UN environment conference, - Stockholm 1972 - OECD acid rain study is launched. (b) Policy: Regional1988 The EU directive on large combustion plants is published, and amended in 1988; Global 1985 CLRTAP Protocol agrees 30 % reduction in sulphur emissions;1999 Protocol to Abate Acidification, Eutrophication and Ground-level Ozone and its 2012 amended version (1999) United States and Canada are signatories toLRTAP. (c) Impact: ESHR 2050 In Europe and North America, full implementation of the LRTAP POPs Protocol, the Stockholm Convention, and other nationallegislation is expected to decrease emissions by more than 90% for hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and PCB, more than 60% for pentachlorodibenzodioxins and furans(PCDD/Fs), and 30-50% for PAHs Over the next 40 years (11-22136-Part-D 2020-2050, 2010)736 Asbestos timeline: (a) Science: 1906 French factory report of 50 deaths in female asbestos textile workers and recommendation of controls; 1930 UKMerewether Report finds 66 % of long-term workers in Rochdale factory with asbestosis. (b) Policy: National 1970 Asbestos was one of the first hazardous airpollutants regulated under Section 112 of the Clean Air Act of 1970, and many applications have been forbidden by the Toxic Substances Control Act; In 1984, theimport of raw amphibole (blue and brown) asbestos into New Zealand was banned. In 2002, the import of chrysotile (white) asbestos was banned. In 1997 Francebanned all forms of asbestos fibres and products in order to protect the health of workers and consumers; Regional 1998–99 EU and France ban all forms ofasbestos; Global: 2004 Rotterdam Convention Asbestos is listed as a category of controlled waste under Annex I of the Basel Convention on the Control ofTransboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal [1992]. - 2000–01 WTO upholds EU/French bans against Canadian appeal – RotterdamConvention: Annex III 2004- five forms of asbestos (actinolite, anthophyllite, amosite, crocidolite, and tremolite, representing 10% of total asbestos). 2011:Agreement to list a fourth chemical, chrysotile asbestos, eluded the conference for the third time since it was first recommended for listing by the treaty's ChemicalReview Committee in 2002. Debate over the recommended listing of chrysotile asbestos drew widespread public attention throughout a week of sometimes tensenegotiations between the Convention's parties. (c) Impact: HHR 2006 (http://www.hse.gov.uk/Statistics/causdis/lungcancer/index.htm)737 Mercury (Minamata Disease) timeline: (a) Science: 1957 Research Group on Minamata Disease reported that the disease was a food poisoning incident resultingfrom intake of fish contaminated by a heavy metal in Minamata Bay; 1968 Niigata Minamata disease and proof of the causal relationship). (b) Policy: National 2004UK Food Standards Agency; Regional 2004 European Food Safety Authority recommends that exposures be minimised; Global 2009 UNEP initiates a global mercuryphase-out and works to develop a global legally binding instrument on mercury, Planned) - 2013 (signature). (c) Impact: ESHR there will likely be a time-lag of yearsor decades before emissions reductions begin to have a demonstrable effect on mercury levels throughout the environment and in the fish and marine mammalswhich are part of the human food-chain738 This was first clearly articulated by Bradford Hill at the height of the tobacco controversy in 1965, where he identified three different case specific strengths ofevidence that could justify policy actions. Source: Bradford Hill (1965). The Environment & Disease: Association or Causation? Proceedings of the Royal Society ofMedicine, 1965, 58, 295-300.739 Michael D. Mastrandrea et al., 'The IPCC AR5 Guidance Note On Consistent Treatment Of Uncertainties: A Common Approach Across The Working Groups',Climatic Change 108, no. 4 (2011): 675-691, doi:10.1007/s10584-011-0178-6.740 EEA. Late Lessons from Early Warnings, Climate Change chapter, pp. 331-335. (European Environment Agency, 2013).741 CEC. Communication on the Precautionary Principle. (European Union 2000).742 Molina and Rowland, 1974; Cicerone et al., 1974743 similar to what Paul Crutzen had suggested about N20 emissions from fertilizer use in 1970744 Wikipedia, 'Ozone Depletion', accessed 13 June 2015, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozone_depletion.745 J. C. Farman, B. G. Gardiner and J. D. Shanklin, 'Large Losses Of Total Ozone In Antarctica Reveal Seasonal Clox/Nox Interaction', Nature 315, no. 6016 (1985):207-210, doi:10.1038/315207a0.746 Bert Metz et al., Safeguarding The Ozone Layer And The Global Climate System, n.d.747 Wikipedia, 'Ozone Depletion', accessed 13 June 2015, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozone_depletion.748 PLINY (ca AD 77–79) Naturalis historiae, XXXIV, 48. “'For medicinal purposes lead is melted in earthen vessels, a layer of finely powdered sulphur being putunderneath it; on this thin plates are laid and covered with sulphur and stirred with an iron rod. Whilst it is being melted, the breathing passages should beprotected . .. otherwise the noxious and deadly vapour of the lead furnace is inhaled; it is hurtful to dogs with special rapidity.”749 Alice Hamilton, What Price Safety: Tetra-Ethyl Lead Reveals A Flaw In Our Defenses., February 1972 - Volume 14 - Issue 2 - Ppg 98-100 (Journal of OccupationalMedicine:, 1972), http://journals.lww.com/joem/Citation/1972/02000/What_Price_Safety__Tetra_ethyl_Lead_Reveals_a_Flaw.2.aspx.750 Bill Kovarik, A Road Not Taken: The Alcohol Alternative To Lead In 1925, Late Lessons From Early Warnings: Science, Precaution, Innovation P54/5) - EEA ReportNo 1/2013., 2013.751 Jamie Lincoln Kitman, THE SECRET HISTORY OF LEAD, 2000,http://web4.uwindsor.ca/users/w/winter/Winters.nsf/0/b98c7c39d61ad93485257068006c4501/$FILE/lead.Nation.pdf.193