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Table 4-1. SDGs and DRR linkagesSDGs Main DRR linkages ExamplesPovertyeradication andeconomic growthFood security,sustainableagricultureHealth andeducationDisasters tend to have the greatest long-termimpacts on those people in the poorest incomequartile or quintile, although lack of data and- According to one assessment, without concerted action,there could still be up to 325 million extremely poor peopleliving in the 49 most hazard-prone countries in 2030 219research on long-term effects of disasters at- Following an exceptionally strong typhoon in the Philippines,house-hold level makes analysis of theboth high- and low-income households experienced similarcomplicated linkages between disasters andimpoverishment difficult 217levels of loss in the year after. However, the consumptionand income of low-income households did not recover overImpoverishment is linked to lack of access tothe next few years, in contrast with that of the wealthiermarkets, capital, assets, and social security and households 220insurance mechanisms that can help people tocope and to rebuild- Myanmar’s annual average loss 221 represents 30 per cent ofits annual capital investment and in the Philippines andDisasters affect disproportionally the poor atCambodia 14 per cent and 10 per cent respectively. In Latinglobal level; high-income countries account forAmerica, for Honduras and Guatemala the AAL represents39% of the exposure to tropical cyclones butalmost 18 per cent and around 10 per cent of new capitalonly 1% of the mortality. Low-income countriesinvestment, respectively. 222represent 13% of the exposure but no less than81% of the mortality 218Taking on risks and proactively managing themis a natural element of development andeconomic growth, and risk assessments and DRRplanning should be integrated in investmentplanning at all levelsDisasters destroy critical agricultural- According to a study on recurrently hazard exposedincrease when vegetation is cleared forcentury than any other physical hazard 226 , and according toagriculture on steep slopesFAO estimates, there has been a total of USD 4.9 billion inThe agriculture-food-nutrition sector iscrop and livestock production losses caused by droughts inchallenged to move towards resilient sectorthe Horn of Africa between 2003 and 2013specific DRR measures, technologies and - A severe drought in 2000 and 2001 in Tajikistan andpractices which raise yields and increaseUzbekistan cut the availability of drinking and irrigation waterresilience against production failure, as well as and led to slow, chronic forms of malnutrition as householdstowards a more sustainable use andeliminated meat and dairy products from their diet 227management of vital resources 223 - The agriculture sector – including crops, livestock, fisheriesinfrastructure and assets, and they cause losses developing countries, 22% of all damages and losses causedin the production of crops, livestock andby medium to large-scale disasters occurring between 2003fisheries, causing serious damage to livelihoods and 2013 were in the agriculture sector 224and food security of millions of small farmers, - In southwestern China the Grain for Green Program banspastoralists, fishers and forest-dependentlogging and agriculture on steep slopes and prohibits forestcommunities in developing countriesclearing and, in exchange, the local communities receive grainIncreasing demand for farm land can increase and cash subsidies as well as protection against floodingthe risk of hazards through environmentalevents 225degradation. For example, landslides can - Drought alone has caused more deaths during the lastand forestry – absorbs approximately 22% of the economicimpact caused by medium and large scale natural hazards anddisasters in developing countries 22842 million human life years lost ininternationally reported disasters each year,and tens of thousands people injured 229 ,burdening health care systems worldwide andcausing long term physical and mental healthproblemsDisasters destroy and disrupt service in healthand education facilitiesOutbreaks of communicable diseases are oftenlinked to the displacement of people in postdisastersituations 230 , and can further hamperdisaster reliefDisasters hamper countries’ ability to invest insocial development70- In Niger children aged two or under who were born during,and affected by, a drought year are 72% more likely to bestunted. In Ethiopia, children aged five or less are 36% morelikely to be malnourished and 41 per cent more likely to bestunted if they are born during a drought; that translates intosome 2 million additional malnourished children in 2005 232 ,with possible long term effects on their education and futureeconomic opportunities- In 2005 in the Gulf states of the United States of America,Hurricane Katrina and subsequent flooding destroyed 56schools and 1,162 were damaged. 700 schools were closedand 372,000 children displaced 233 .- While annual social expenditure is about 400 times greater inhigh-income countries than in low-income countries, the AAL