71 Please find the full document at: http://www.un-documents.net/our-common-future.pdf72 Please find the full document at: https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/Agenda21.pdf73 Please find the full document at: http://www.un.org/documents/ga/conf151/aconf15126-1annex1.htm74 General Assembly resolution A/RES/66/288 - The Future We Want, http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/66/288&Lang=E ,https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/futurewewant.html75 Sustainable development as a concept after the Brundtland report brought together the great global issues of peace and security, development, andenvironment. In contrast to its forerunners, it did not emphasize freedom, even though it was recurring in statements by some member States in the UNCommission on Sustainable Development. The Stockholm Declaration of 1972 still highlighted the issue of freedom in Principle 1: “Man has the fundamental rightto freedom, equality and adequate conditions of life, in an environment of a quality that permits a life of dignity and well-being.”76United States National Research Council, Policy Division, Board on Sustainable Development, Our Common Journey: A Transition Toward Sustainability(Washington, D.C., National Academy Press, 1999), http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=969077 R.W. Kates, T.M. Parris and A.A. Leiserowitz, What is sustainable development? Goals, indicators, values, and practice (Environment, vol. 47, 2005), vol. 47, 9–21.Available from http://www.environmentmagazine.org/Editorials/Kates-apr05-full.html78 OWG-SDG. Report of the Open Working Group on Sustainable Development Goals established pursuant to General Assembly resolution66/288. A/68/L.61 (2014), http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/68/L.61&Lang=E79 OWG-SDG. Report of the Open Working Group on Sustainable Development Goals established pursuant to General Assembly resolution66/288. A/68/L.61 (2014), http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/68/L.61&Lang=E80 For more information, please visit: https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdgsproposal81 With the exception of community and freedom issues82 R.W. Kates, T.M. Parris and A.A. Leiserowitz, What is sustainable development? Goals, indicators, values, and practice (Environment, vol. 47, 2005), vol. 47, 9–21.Available from http://www.environmentmagazine.org/Editorials/Kates-apr05-full.html83 ICSU and ISSC, Review of targets for the sustainable development goals: the science perspective (ICSU, 2015).84 M. Nilsson and R. Costanza, “Overall framework for the Sustainable Development Goals”, in Review of targets for the sustainable development goals – the scienceperspective (ICSU and ISSC, 2015).85 For more information, please visit: http://www.futureearth.org/86 For more information, please visit: www.post2015.jp87 For more information, please visit: www.irf2015.org88 A. Sen, Development as Freedom (Oxford University Press, 1999).89 R. Costanza et al., Time to leave GDP behind(Nature, 2014), 283-285.90 I. Kubiszewski et al., Beyond GDP: measuring and achieving global genuine progress (Ecological Economics, 2013), vol. 93, 57–68,http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S092180091300158491 Kuznets , National Income, 1929-1932. 73 rd US Congress, 2 nd session, Senate document no. 124, page 7 (1934), http://library.bea.gov/u?/SOD,988892 Griggs, D., M. Stafford Smith, J. Rockström, M. C. Öhman, O. Gaffney, G. Glaser, N. Kanie, I. Noble, W. Steffen, and P. Shyamsundar, 2014, An integratedframework for sustainable development goals, Ecology and Society 19(4): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5751/ES-07082-190449.93 Table 18 of the Prototype Global Sustainable Development Report. http://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/globalsdreport/94 Costanza, R., and I. Kubiszewski (eds), Creating a sustainable and desirable future: insights from 45 global thought leaders (Singapore: World Scientific, 2014),http://www.worldscientific.com/worldscibooks/10.1142/892295 For more information, please visit: http://data.myworld2015.org/96 UNESCP and AITH, Toward an Asian Integrated Transport Network(2 nd ed, 2007), http://www.unescap.org/resources/toward-asian-integrated-transport-networksecond-edition97 Helbing, Globally networked risks and how to respond (Nature 497, 2013), 51–59, http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v497/n7447/full/nature12047.html98 WEF, Global risk report (World Economic Forum, 2015), http://www.weforum.org/reports/global-risks-report-201599 Rockstroem, J., et al., (A safe operating space for humanity. Nature 461, 2009), http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v461/n7263/full/461472a.html100 W. Steffen et al., Planetary boundaries: Guiding human development on a changing planet (Science 13, 2015).http://www.sciencemag.org/content/347/6223/1259855101 ICSU and ISSC, Review of targets for the sustainable development goals: the science perspective (ICSU, 2015).102 D. Le Blanc, Towards integration at last? The sustainable development goals as a network of targets (DESA Working Paper Series no. 141. February 2015).103 Scientific Advisory Board of the Secretary-General of the United Nations, Embedding up-to-date and rigorous science in high-level policy discussions within theUN system. Background paper on item 2 of the SAB’s Terms of Reference (2014), http://www.sab-2014-berlin.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Background_Paper_2.pdf104 UNEP, Gap analysis for the purpose of facilitating the discussions on how to improve and strengthen the science-policy interface on biodiversity and ecosystemservices (UNEP/IPBES/2/INF/1, 2009).105 UNEP, Policy issues: Overview of international assessment landscape considering elements of best practice – Overview of environmental assessment landscape atglobal and regional levels (UNEP/GC.25/INF/12, 2009)106 For more information, please see: http://www.unga-regular-process.org/107 Of course, there is no reason why all assessments should systematically cover all the SDG areas. Large scientific assessments with great depth of content mayfocus on one area. For example, one of the costliest global assessments ever, the Census of Marine Life, focused almost exclusively on topics that fall under SDG 14on oceans. For given resources, there is always a trade-off between integration and depth of treatment. Integration is only one dimension of interest.108 D. Giovannucci et al., Food and Agriculture: the future of sustainability: A strategic input to the Sustainable Development in the 21st Century (SD21) project,(New York: United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Division for Sustainable Development, 2012).109 M. Howells and R. Roehrl, Perspectives on Sustainable Energy for the 21st Century: Sustainable Development in the 21st Century (SD21) project (New York,United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Division for Sustainable Development, 2012).110 D. Meadows et al., The Limits to Growth: A report for the Club of Rome’s Project on the Predicament of Mankind (Universe Books, 1972).111 W. Haefele, Energy in a Finite World – Paths to a sustainable future. Report by the Energy Systems Program Group of the International Institute for AppliedSystems Analysis (Ballinger Publishing Company, Massachusetts, 1981).176
112 The 72 models are: AIM, ASF, ASTRA, CAPRI, CETAX, CLEWS/CLEWD, CLIMEX, CLUE, DEAN, DICE, E3ME, E3MG, ECOMOD, EcoSense, EFISCEN, ENTICE-BR, ETA,EU-CLUE Scanner, EUFASOM, EUROMOD, FAIR, FAMOUS, FUND, GAINS, GCAM, G-CUBED, GEM-CCGT, GEM-E3, GENIE, GINFORS, GTAP-E, GTEM, ICLIPS, IFs(International Futures), IGSM, IIASA/VID, IMACLIM, IMAGE, iTREN, LEITAP, LINK or WEFM, MAGICC, MAMS, MARKAL-TIMES, MERGE, MESSAGE, MIRAGE, NEAC,NEMESIS, NIEIR, OECD-GREEN, PACE, PAGE2002, PEEC, PHEONIX, POLES, PRIMES, QUEST, Rander's 2052, Rigobon and Rodrik, SGM (Second Generation Model),SENSOR, SEAMLESS, Threshold-21 (T21), TRANS-TOOLS, T-REMOVE, VACLAV, VLEEM, WaterGAP, WATSIM, WEM (World Energy Model), WorldScan.113 Please refer to: https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/globalsdreport/2015/chapter2114 European Commission, A Scoping Study on the Macroeconomic View of Sustainability, final report for the European Commission, prepared by H. Pollitt et al fromCambridge Econometrics, and Elke Pirgmaier et al from Sustainable Europe Research Institute (2010).115 Hak et al., (2007).116 R. A. Roehrl, Sustainable development scenarios for Rio+20, a component of the sustainable development in the 21st Century (SD21) project (New York: UnitedNations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Division for Sustainable Development, 2012).117 e.g. ECOMOD, GEM-E3, MARKAL-TIMES, OECD-GREEN, and PACE models118 Devarajan, S., M. J. Miller and E. V. Swanson, Goals for Development: History, Prospects, and Costs (Washington D. C.: World Bank, 2002).119 GEMCCGT, G-CUBED and GTAP120 e.g. DEAN, E3MG, GEM-E3, and WorldScan121 Daly, H.E. (1992), “Allocation, Distribution, and Scale: Towards an Economics that is Efficient, Just, and Sustainable”, Ecological Economics 6, pp.185-193.122 Jean-Charles Hourcade et al., Hybrid Modeling: New Answers to Old Challenges (The Energy Journal, 2006).123 Inter-linkage refers to “…a qualitative or quantitative relationship between two or more sustainable development indicators that can be based on statisticalanalysis or on the results of formal or applied methods or models of political, socio-economic and environmental interactions.” Interlinkages exist if a change in oneindicator causes changes in one or more other indicators, either directly or indirectly through third variables. Interlinkages also exist if two or more indicators arepositively or negatively influenced by the same policy actions.124 Van Herwijnen, M. (ed.), Review report on methods, tools and models for assessment of SD in-terlinkages (Institute for Environmental Studies, University Amsterdam,2007).125 e.g. AIM, CLEWD, DICE, IFs, and Rander’s 2052126 In order to be in line with ongoing international discussions, the term “oceans, seas and marine resources” is used. It is nevertheless to be noted that the term“ocean” is oftentimes used in scientific literature as the various basins of the oceans are interconnected.127 For more information, please visit: http://www.worldoceanassessment.org/128 Annex II is available on the DESA-administered Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform under:https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/globalsdreport/2015.129 Source: Chapter lead’s elaboration based on inputs received from contributing experts.130 Burkhard et al., Landscapes’ capacities to provide ecosystem services–a concept for land-cover based assessments (2009).131 Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity, Booklet: Biodiversity for Development and Poverty Alleviation (2012).132 FAO, The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture (2012).133 IMO, International Shipping Facts and Figures: Information Resources on Trade, Safety, Security, Environment (2012).134 UNWTO, Secretariat of Ramsar Convention on Wetlands, Destination Wet Lands: Supporting Sustainable Tourism (2012).135 IOC/UNESCO, IMO, FAO, UND, A Blueprint for Ocean and Coastal Sustainability.136 UNEP (2009): The Natural Fix?: The Role of Ecosystems in Climate Mitigation.137 United Nations General Assembly resolution A/66/298 (2011). Protection of coral reefs for sustainable livelihoods and development.138 IOC/UNESCO, IMO, FAO, UNDP, A Blueprint for Ocean and Coastal Sustainability (2011).139 Adaptation from United Nations Technical Support Team, TST Issues Brief: Oceans and Seas (2013).140 The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) sets out the legal framework within which all activities in the oceans and seas must be carriedout. It enshrines the notion that all problems of ocean space are closely interrelated and need to be considered as a whole.141 Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Synthesis (2015).142 United Nations General Assembly resolution A/68/970.143 See for example: Visbeck et al., Securing blue wealth: The need for a special sustainable development goal for the ocean and coasts (48 Marine Policy, 2014),184-191.; Global Ocean Forum, Proposal for a Sustainable Development Goal on Oceans and Seas (2014).144 ICSU, ISSC, Review of the Sustainable Development Goals: The Science Perspective (2015).145 http://www.unga-regular-process.org/content/view/18/20/index.html146 For more information, please visit:: http://www.unep-wcmc-apps.org/gramed/.147 For more information, please visit: http://www.worldoceanassessment.org/148 The high seas are all parts of the sea that are not included in the exclusive economic zone, in the territorial sea or in the internal waters of a State, or in thearchipelagic waters of an archipelagic State, according to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea –“UNCLOS” (article 86).149 The Area is the seabed and ocean floor and subsoil thereof, beyond the limits of national jurisdiction (UNCLOS, article 1).150 Outcome of the Working Group, including recommendations and Co-Chairs' summary of discussions (issued as document A/69/780)151 e.g. United Nations World Ocean Assessment, European Commission’s Mapping and Assessment of Ecosystem Services, Mapping Ocean Wealth , IOC-UNESCO’sOcean Biogeographic Information System.152 For more information, please visit: http://www.worldoceanassessment.org/153 For more information, please visit: http://www.coml.org/154 For more information, please visit: http://www.iobis.org/155 For more information, please visit: http://wwf.panda.org/156 e.g., wind and solar energy, hydropower, geothermal energy, and bio-energy157 For more information, please visit: http://www.worldoceanassessment.org/158 For more information, please visit:: http://oceanwealth.org/resources/159 For more information, please visit: http://www.worldoceanassessment.org/160 For more information, please visit: http://www.oceanhealthindex.org/177
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ForewordIn September 2015, world le
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