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poverty forces low-income households tooccupy areas of low land value that may beexposed to floods, landslides and otherhazards 249Climate change Many parts of the world are witnessing anincrease in extremes of climate, such as greaterextremes of temperature, heavier rainfall, orhigher maximum wind speed of storms 256 . Thiscan result in an increase in natural hazards suchas flash flooding, drought, landslide, and stormsurge In most countries, the predicted annual averageloss increases under climate change scenarios.But affects will differ country by country Drought and flood hazards are among the mostpotent causes for long-term impoverishment,functional during and after an emergency) not only providefor reduction in property losses, but may also save lives andreduce the number of injuries- Over 90 percent of global disaster-related costs for 2013 werehydrological, meteorological or climatological in origin 258- In Anguilla the predicted annual average losses attributable tocyclone wind doubles with climate change, while Trinidad andTobago faces a fivefold increase due to climate change. Incontrast, Mexico would actually see a reduction in AAL 259- Rising sea level will exacerbate the risks particularly for lowlyingareas, and since 1870, average global sea level has risenby about 8 inches 260- According to some estimates up to 118 million extremelypoor people in sub- Saharan Africa will be exposed todrought, flood and extreme heat hazards in 2030 261Ecosystems Environmental degradation is one of the maindrivers of disaster risk 262263 Natural ecosystems can reduce vulnerability tonatural hazards and extreme climatic eventsand complement, or substitute for, moreexpensive infrastructure investments Communities dependent on fragile or degradedlandscapes – such as overgrazed, heavilydeforested or severely eroded lands – are oftenthe most vulnerable to losses from naturalhazards 264Governance andpeacefulsocietiesMeans ofimplemen-tation,Renewed GlobalPartnershipThe effects of land degradation are oftenirreversible- Modeling for the Seychelles suggests wave energy hasdoubled partially as a result of changes in the structure (dueto bleaching) and species composition of coral reefs. In theCaribbean, more than 15,000 kilometers of shoreline couldexperience a 10–20 percent reduction in protection fromwaves and storms by 2050 as a result of reef degradation 265- Dense vegetation protects riverbanks and adjacent land andstructures from erosion by floodwaters. In Mantadia NationalPark, Madagascar, conversion from primary forest to swiddencan increase downstream storm flow by as much as 4.5times 266- In Africa, 52 per cent of land is considered degraded to somedegree 267Governance arrangements adopted by manycountries, relying heavily on specializedemergency management organizations, are notalways appropriate to address disaster risk 268Disaster risk governance often mirrors thechallenges, restrictions, blockages and obstaclesthat exist within the overall governancearrangements 269 , but DRG can also support goodgovernanceConflict and fragility can increase the impact ofdisasters, and disasters can exacerbateconflicts 270 --In India, following the earthquakes in Maharashtra (1993) andGujarat (2001), housing records were digitized and land titlesthat were traditionally only recorded under the name of themale head of household for the first time also included thefemale head of household. This practice was institutionalizedand transformed the general practice of social housing inthese states 271According to one assessment the 2007−2010 droughtcontributed to the conflict in Syria, causing widespread cropfailure and a mass migration of farming families to urbancenters 272International cooperation has heavily- According to one estimate 275 , for every 100 USD spent onimplementation 274 environmental management 277concentrated on emergency-relief anddevelopment aid, just 40 cents has been invested inreconstruction instead of preventive DRRdefending that aid from the impact of disastersFunding for DRR is strongly concentrated in just - In Bangladesh for every US$ 1 invested in storm, cyclone anda few recipient countries, with all but oneflood warning prediction systems, the estimated return is(Bangladesh) of the top 10 recipients ofbetween $ 8 and $ 500 for a 10-year period 276financing being middle-income countries 273 - Volumes of official development assistance (ODA) fundsCapacity building will be crucial, and there exists invested in DRR are very difficult to track and assess, and dataa need for closer coordination between DRR and on financing for DRR is poor since DRR activities are oftenclimate change adaptation; lack of coordination labelled under wider programmes and projects, includingon technology transfer has led to fragmentedthose relating to food security, health systems, and-72