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life." Rudolf Vierhaus, "Ranke und die Anfänge der deutsche Geschichtswissenschaft," in
Bernd Faulenbach, ed., Geschichtswissenschaft im Deutschland (Munich: Beck, 1974).
Cf. Theodore H. von Lane, Leopold Ranke: The Formative Years (Princeton: Princeton
University Press, 1950).
3. [Tr.] "The immediate future of European society is completely democratic" [Alexis de
Tocqueville, Journeys to England and Ireland, quoted in George Watson, The English
Ideology: Studies in the Language of Victorian Politics (London: Allen Lane, 1973),
155]. See also Tocqueville's Democracy in America (1835), where a profound
pessimism about the conformity of American society is expressed: Alexis de
Tocqueville, De la démocratie en Amérique (Paris, 1835); translated as Democracy in
America, ed. J. P. Mayer and Max Lehrner (New York: Harper & Row, 1966).
4. On this see the excellent work by Kathleen Murray, Taine und die englische Romantik
(Munich & Leipzig, 1924). [Kathleen Murray's study of Taine and the English
Romantics was dedicated to Carl Schmitt and published by Duncker & Humblot. She
writes in her introduction that Taine was "one of the greatest and most representative
men of the 19th century," who as a critic and historian "combined all the enormous
contradictions and inconsistencies of his age within himself." Murray conceived Taine's
work under both aesthetic and sociological perspectives, and it is clear that she was
much influenced by Schmitt's Politische Romantik (1919). The theme of the second part
of Taine und die englische Romantik allows one to establish a mutual influence; she
deals with Taine's perception that "a new public belongs to every new work of art" and
that the specific audience (Publikum) of romantic art is "a bourgeois, plebiscitary public"
(Murray, 65). Carl Schmitt's description of Guizot's influence and assessment of
democracy paraphrases Murray's discussion of "Das politische Ideal'' (53ff.). See also
her chapter "Die Typen des Engländers und des Bourgeois" (67ff.) and the comment—as
valid for her own and parts of Carl Schmitt's work as for Taine's—that "Taine . . . always
wanted to describe general 'types' and looked for firm but not measurable relationships
between facts and groups of facts which make up social and moral life. . . . He wants to
achieve an 'ideal type' as the zoologists understand it. . . . These relationships he calls
laws (lois) and says that Montesquieu wanted to discover nothing else" (ibid., 6). See
also Hippolyte Taine, Histoire de la littérature anglaise (Paris: 1863); François Pierre
Guillaume Guizot, De la démocratie en France (Paris: Victor Masson, 1849), and
L'Eglise et la société chrétienne en 1861 (Paris: Michel Levy, 1861). —tr.]
5. [Tr.] Walter Schotte, in the Preussische Jahrbücher, 181 (1920), 136–137,
commented that "English conservatives have never been lacking in political insight";
unlike German politicians, English Tories knew when to introduce reforms that would
conserve their own position. Schotte refers to the minority government of Derby-
Disraeli, which introduced the reform bill that had been the immediate cause of the fall
of the Liberal government under Gladstone, which Disraeli's replaced. On Disraeli see
Maurice Cowling, Disraeli, Gladstone and the Revolution: The Passing of the Second
Reform Bill, 1867 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1967). Keith Middlemas,
Politics in Industrial Society: The Experience of the British System since 1911 (London:
Andre Deutsch, 1979), provides an often provocative view of English political culture in
this century; see especially "Party and Parliamentary Illusion," 307ff., and "A Crisis of
the State?", 430ff.
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