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6. [Tr.] On the development of German Social Democracy see C. E. Schorske, German
Social Democracy, 1905–1917 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1955).
7. [Tr.] On Switzerland as a conservative democracy see Benjamin R. Barber, Death of
Communal Liberty: A History of Freedom in a Swiss Mountain Canton (Princeton:
Princeton University Press, 1974). In addition to Marx's "Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis
Bonaparte" (1852), see the following histories of France under Napoleon III: Theodor
Zeldin, Emile Ollivier and the Liberal Empire of Napoleon III (Oxford: Clarendon Press,
1963), and The Political System of Napoleon III (London: Macmillan & Co., 1958); H.
C. Payne, The Police-State of Louis Napoleon-Bonaparte, 1851–1860 (Seattle:
University of Washington Press, 1966).
8. [Tr.] A classic exposition of English "guild socialism" can be found in G. D. H. Cole's
Guild Socialism Restated (London: Leonard Parsons, 1920). Cole argued that
"theoretical democracy" was rendered largely "inoperative'' by "the substitution of the
representative for the represented in representative democracy" (13–14). He demanded
that the concept of democracy be extended beyond a "narrowly 'political' sense" to
include social and economic organization as well: "No amount of electoral machinery on
a basis of 'one man, one vote' will make [the rich man and the wage slave] really equal
socially or politically" (15).
9. [Tr.] Max Weber, "Parlament und Regierung im neugeordneten Deutschland" (1918),
in Johannes Winckelmann, ed., Max Weber. Gesammelte Politische Schriften (Tübingen:
Mohr, 1980), 306–443; Keith Tribe, trans., "Parliament and Government in Newly
Organized Germany" Economy and Society, 4 (1983), 1381–1462.
10. [Tr.] Hans Kelsen, Wesen und Wert der Demokratie (Tübingen: Mohr, 1929, 2d
edition). First published in the Archiv für Sozialwissenschaft und Sozialpolitik, 47
(1920), 50–85.
11. Rousseau, Du contrat social, Bk. IV, chap. 2, sect. 8.
12. [Tr.] See Locke's discussion of the origins of political societies in chapter 8 of the
Second Treatise. John Locke, Two Treatises of Government (Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 1970), 348ff.
13. [Tr.] Rousseau, Du contrat social, Bk. IV, chap. 2, sect. 8.
14. [Tr.] This is a reference to the German revolution that began in November 1918. See
A.J. Ryder, The German Revolution of 1918 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
1967), and the fluent discussion of this period by Vö1ker Berghahn, "War and Civil
War, 1914–1923," in his Modern Germany: Society, Economy, and Politics in the
Twentieth Century (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982), 38–81. On the
republicains de la veille see Lorenz von Stein, Geschichte der sociale Bewegung im
Frankreich (Leipzig: Wigand, 1850), which Schmitt knew well.
15. The Clarke Papers [ed. C. H. Firth], vol. 2 (London: The Camden Society, 1794).
16. [Tr.] Carl Schmitt, Legalität und Legitimität (Munich & Leipzig: Duncker &
Humblot, 1932), argued that "unconstitutional parties" (the KPD and NSDAP) should
not enjoy
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