131214840-Carl-Schmitt

Knox's translation, Hegel's Philosophy of Right (Oxford: Oxford University Press,
1973).—tr.]
45. Robert von Mohl, Enzyklopädie der Staatswissenschaft (Tübingen: Laupp'schen
Buchhandlung, 1872), 655.
Page 103
46. J. C. Bluntschli, "Parteien, politische," in Bluntschli and K. Brater, eds., Deutsches-
Staatswörterbuch, vol. 7 (Stuttgart & Leipzig: Expedition des Staatswörterbuches,
1861), 717–747. On Lorenz von Stein see my Politische Theologie, 53. This explanation
of the parties, which is characteristic for German liberalism, is also found in Friedrich
Meinecke, Staatsräson, 525. [Schmitt's citation is inaccurate; the discussion of political
parties is on pages 537–538. Meinecke argues here that political parties belong to the
healthy political life of the state just as contradictions and pluralism belong to individual
life. Although the argument appears characteristically liberal at this stage, Meinecke
later notes that "parliamentarism only temporarily fills the statesman with Staatsräson;
his attention soon turns to the next election" (538). —tr.]
47. J. K. Bluntschli, Allgemeines Staatsrecht (Stuttgart: J. G. Cotta'schen Buchhandlung,
1876, 5th edition). An interesting combination of the good old understanding of the
principles of parliamentarism and modern misunderstandings is the article by Adolf
Neumann-Hofer, "Die Wirksamkeit der Kommissionen in den Parlamenten," Zeitschrift
für Politik, 4 (1911), 51ff. He starts from the assumption that experience has shown that
public discussion no longer takes place in popular assemblies, but he believes that in
order to preserve discussion, the committees could become "discussion clubs" (64–65).
On the misunderstanding of the concept of discussion here, see the preface, above. [On
Robert von Mohl's argument for parliamentarism see his Representativsystem (1860),
discussed in James J. Sheehan, German Liberalism in the Nineteenth Century (London:
Methuen, 1982), 116, 385. —tr.]
48. [Tr.] Locke, Two Treatises, Second Treatise, sect. 172.
49. Eugene Forçade, Études historiques (Paris: Michel Levy, 1853), in a review of
Lamartine's history of the revolution of 1848. Lamartine is also an example of the belief
in discussion, which he contrasts with power and force. Both his Sur la Politique
Rationelle (1831) and Le Passé, le Présent, l'Avanir de la Republique (1848) are
inspired by this. He even thinks that the newspapers appear in the morning like a rising
sun that dispels darkness! Victor Hugo's poetic description of the Tribune in his famous
Napoléon le Petit is absolutely characteristic and of great importance as a symptom. The
belief in discussion characterizes this epoch. Thus Hauriou, Précis de droit
constitutionnel (Paris: Recueil Sirey, 1923), 198, 201, describes the age of
parliamentarism as the age of discussion ("l'âge de la discussion"), and a staunch liberal
such as Yves Guyot contrasts parliamentary government resting on discussion (for him,
of course, a "gouvernement de discussion") with the "atavism" of all politics that does
not rest on discussion. Guyot, Politique Parlamentaire—Politique Atavique (Paris, Felix
Alcan, 1924). In this way parliamentarism becomes identical with freedom and culture
altogether. L. Gumplowicz completely dissolves all these concepts: ''The character and
peculiarity of Asiatic culture is despotism; [that of] European culture, the parliamentary
regime." Ludwig Gumplowicz, Soziologie und Politik (Leipzig: Duncker
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