131214840-Carl-Schmitt

Page 100
18. Rousseau talks about a balance of interests in the general will; cf. Du contrat social,
Bk. II, chap. 9, sect. 4; Bk. II, chap. 11, note; Bk. II, chap. 6, sect. 10; Bk. III, chap. 8,
sect. 10; Bk. IV, chap. 4, sect. 25; Bk. V; see esp. Bk. I, chap. 8, sect. 2; Bk. II, chap. 6,
sect. 10; Bk. III, chap. 8, sect. 10.
19. [Tr.] Montesquieu, L'Esprit des lois (1748); translated as The Spirit of the Laws
(Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica, 1952). On Montesquieu's political thought see the
aptly named chapter "The British Constitution," in Kingsley Martin, French Liberal
Thought in the Eighteenth Century (London: Phoenix, 1962), 147ff.
20. [Tr.] John Locke, Two Treatises of Government (1690), Second Treatise, sect. 172.
21. [Tr.] Cf. Thomas Hobbes, Behemoth; or, The Long Parliament (1679); a modern
edition was prepared by Ferdinand Tönnies (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
1889). On the Long Parliament and the English Civil War see Christopher Hill, The
Intellectual Origins of the English Revolution (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1965), and
God's Englishman: Oliver Cromwell and the English Revolution (London: Weidenfeld
& Nicholson, 1970).
22. [Tr.] Cf. Martin, French Liberal Thought in the Eighteenth Century, and "Acte
constitutionnel du 24 Juin 1793, et Declaration des droit de l'homme et du citoyen," in
Léon Duguit and Henry Monnier, Les Constitutions et les principales lois politiques de
la France depuis 1789 (Paris: Librairie Générale de Droit et de Jurisprudence, 1915, 3d
edition).
23. Cf. my book Die Diktatur (1921), 149.
24. Theodore de Beza, Droit de Magistrats (1574). ["The theory of Calvinist politics is
here set forth with perfect clarity. To God alone does absolute power belong.
Magistrates indeed have wide authority and they cannot be held to account by the
people . . . but when the tyranny becomes intolerable, just remedies must be used against
it. Not, however, by every member of the state. The ordinary citizen is bound by the
conditions of his citizenship to submit. . . . There are, however, in each state a body of
citizens whose function it is to see that the sovereign does his duty; in France the States-
General is such a body of such men. . . . Royalty is, even though divine in nature,
essentially dependent upon popular institution" (Laski, introduction to Vindiciae contra
Tyrannos, 24–25). Beza's pamphlet was the first during the civil wars to assert the
principle of popular sovereignty, and according to Laski, Beza can be considered the
first Monarchomachian. —tr.]
25. Junius Brutus, Vindiciae contra Tyrannos. [Schmitt refers to pages 115–116 of an
Edinburgh edition of 1579. See the English translation introduced by Laski (note 11). —
tr.]
26. Grotius, De jure belli ac Pacis, Bk. I, chap. 3, sect. 6 (Amsterdam, 1631). Grotius
also uses the comparison with mathematics in order to justify his negative estimation of
particular facts.
27. [Tr.] Otto Mayer, Deutsches Verwaltungsrecht (Munich & Leipzig: Duncker &
Humblot, 1895–96).
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