131214840-Carl-Schmitt

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& Humblot, 1892), 116. [Schmitt refers to Alphonse Lamartine, Histoire de la Revolution
de 1848 (paris: Penotin, 1848]—tr])
3—
Dictatorship in Marxist Thought
1. [Tr.] The July revolution in Paris (1830) led to the abdication of Charles X. Louis-
Philippe, the Citizen King, succeeded him and inaugurated "the golden age of the
bourgeoisie." Eighteen years later the February revolution in Paris led to Louis-
Philippe's own abdication and the establishment of a French republic under Louis-
Napoleon, the nephew of Napoleon Bonapart. In the same year (1848) Marx and Engels
published The Communist Manifesto and Europe's conservative order was shaken by a
series of riots and revolutions. A socialist uprising in June was brutally repressed by the
authorities in Paris and it is to this conflict of class interest between the bourgeoisie on
one side and the peasants and workers on the other that Schmitt refers when he says that
"in opposition to parliamentary constitutionalism, not to democracy, the idea ora
dictatorship that would sweep away parliamentarism regained its topicality." Cf. Karl
Marx, "The Class Struggles in France, 1848–1850," Marx and Engels, Selected Works,
vol. 1 (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1977), 186–299.
2. In this alliance during the nineteenth century—as once in the alliance with the
church—philosophy played only a modest role; but nonetheless it cannot so soon
renounce the alliance. Further, H. Pichler, Zur Philosophie der Geschichte (Tübingen:
Mohr, 1922), 16.
3. [Tr.] Schmitt refers to the utopian socialist Ernst Bloch, whom he knew in Munich. Of
Bloch's works perhaps the most relevant to this point is Geist der Utopie (Munich:
Duncker & Humblot, 1918); a second, enlarged edition appeared in 1923 (Berlin: Paul
Cassirer, 1923). See further Bloch's Freiheit und Ordnung. Abriss der Sozialutopien
(Berlin, Aufbau Verlag, 1,947).
4. [Tr.] Cf. Shirley Letwin, The Pursuit of Certainty: Hume, Bentham, Mill, Beatrice
Webb (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1965). See also F. A. Hayek, The Road
to Serfdom (London: Routledge, Kegan Paul, 1977), originally published in 1944, and
Hayek's essay "The Road to Serfdom after Twelve Years" (1956), in his Studies in
Philosophy, Politics, and Economics (London: Routledge, Kegan Paul, 1967). These
texts by contemporary "classical liberals" reveal a fascinating connection between their
views of the Enlightenment and Schmitt's, despite Hayek's vigorous criticism of the
former in The Road to Serfdom. F. R. Cristi has explored the relationship between
Schmitt and Hayek in "Hayek and Schmitt on the Rule of Law," Canadian Journal of
Political Science 17:3 (1984), 521–535.
5. [Tr.] "Die Weltgeschichte ist auch das Weltgericht," a phrase usually associated with
Hegel, was taken from Friedrich Schiller's poem "Resignation." Schiller, Werke (Berlin
& Leipzig: Deutsches Verlagshaus Bong & CO., n.d.). See also Hegel, Grundlinien der
Philosophie des Rechts (1821), para. 340, and the Enzyklopädie (1817), para. 448.
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