131214840-Carl-Schmitt

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28. Erich Kaufmann's exposition of Locke in his Untersuchungsausschluss und
Staatsgerichthof (Berlin: G. Stelka, 1920) is a perfect example of Locke's immediate and
practical relevance today. Kaufmann's work must also be noted because of its
importance for the material concept of law (materielle Gesetzesbegriff).
29. John Neville Figgis, The Divine Right of Kings (Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press, 1914, 2d edition).
30. John Marshall's opinion appears as the motto of chapter 16 in James Beck's book on
the American constitution. [Schmitt refers to the German translation of Beck, The
American Constitution (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1924), which appeared as Die
Verfassung der Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika (Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1926). A
foreword by Calvin Coolidge and an introduction by Walter Simons, interim president of
the Weimar Republic and later chief justice of the German Supreme Court, appeared in
the German edition. Chief Justice John Marshall established the principle of judicial
review in the American constitution. In the last years of the Weimar Republic, Schmitt
was involved in a debate with Hans Kelsen and others on the question of a "defender of
the constitution." While Kelsen argued that judicial review would be the best solution to
the question of which of the republic's governmental branches should be the
authoritative interpreter of the constitution and thus its "defender," Schmitt, after briefly
sharing this point of view, argued in Der Hüter der Verfassung (1931) that the
Reichspräsident was best suited to defend the constitution. Cf. the 1931 version of this
discussion with Schmitt's "Der Hüter der Verfassung," Archiv des öffentlichen Rechts,
16 (1929), 161–237. See also Bendersky, Carl Schmitt: Theorist for the Reich
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1983), 112ff., and Ellen Kennedy, ''Bendersky,
Carl Schmitt: Theorist for the Reich," History of Political Thought, 4 (1983), 582ff.; see
also George Schwab, The Challenge of the Exception (Berlin: Duncker & Humblot,
1970), 80ff. —tr.]
31. Politische Theologie, 4ff. [Schmitt defines the sovereign as whoever decides the
question of a state of exception ("Souverän ist, wer über den Ausnahmezustand
entscheidet"). Cf. Pufendorf's discussion in De jure naturae (Bk. VII, chap. 6, sect. 8),
quoted above. On Bodin see Julian H. Franklin's study, Jean Bodin and the Rise of
Absolutist Theory (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1973). —tr.]
32. [Tr.] Paul Laband was one of the founders of legal positivism in Germany. See Peter
Oertzen, Die soziale Funktion des staatsrechtlichen Postivismus (Frankfurt: Suhrkamp
Verlag, 1974), and Walter Wilhelm, Zur juristischen Methodenlehre im 19. Jahrhundert.
Die Herkunft der Methode Paul Labands aus der Privatrechtlichenwissenschaft
(Frankfurt: Klostermann, 1958).
33. Leviathan, chap. 26, p. 137 of the English edition of 1651. [Schmitt refers to the
chapter "Of Civil Laws," in Hobbes, Leviathan, ed. Michael Oakeshott (Oxford:
Blackwells, 1946). —tr.]
34. Dissertation on Parties, letter 10.
35. On this see the extremely interesting examination by Joseph Barthélemy, Le rôle du
pouvoir exécutif dans les republiques modernes (Paris: Giard & Briere, 1906), 489. The
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