A Technical History of the SEI

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design with some variation built in and did an implementation for the Army, building a system that could operate on Army equipment. The Consequence: Application to Reuse and a Product Lines Approach Because of the resistance of contractors and the inability of program managers to justify the effort with ongoing programs, the results of this work were not transitioned to an operational Army system. However, the concepts developed were picked up in the reuse and eventually the product lines communities. The key insight was that effective reuse requires an understanding of the commonalities across all systems in a particular mission area, such as command and control, and where they vary, this information is captured in a model representation. In FODA, the information was captured in tree fashion with a hierarchy of mandatory features, optional features, and alternative ways of describing how the features would be used. The SEI began to hold product line workshops around 1996, and the work that had begun with FODA evolved into a concentration on product lines. At this time, the SEI began working of these issues with industry customers, including Motorola, HP, Avaya (Lucent at the time), and other early adopters. The SEI Contribution Compared to other approaches to domain analysis, the SEI’s FODA was a lightweight approach that could be applied in two to three weeks. The DARPA STARS program also developed a domain analysis approach, but it required more effort and was more time consuming. The SEI advocated moving quickly from FODA on to requirements, architecture, and implementation, preferring that domain analysis feed downstream activities. This methodology evolved into what is now known as commonality/variation design, and then architecture-component variation points, in current product line practice. Others at the time were working on object-oriented design, building a set of classes and a class hierarchy once and then having everyone in the software development organization use these classes for all the systems they built. Object-oriented design, the principal mechanism at the time for achieving reuse, was undermined by variation and an inability by organizations to control the proliferation of subclasses, which effectively prevented widespread reuse. As the product line concept began to mature, the software community began to recognize the need for domain analysis. Many other systems and methods have been built around the FODA model. David Weiss and Chi Tau Robert Lai wrote a textbook in 1999 called Software Product Line Engineering: A Family- Based Software Development Process [Weiss 1999]. The methodology described therein, known as commonality variability analysis, examined, for example, organizational commonality in provisioning, configuration management, and billing operations. It was broader than domain analysis, but similar, and there were cross-influences between Weiss and the SEI. In 2000, Krzysztof Czarnecki [Czarnecki 2000] worked on automatic software generation that was built on FODA models or variation models. Around the same time, in early 2002, a company in Germany called Pure Systems developed a tool to manage variation and feature modeling. Pure Systems had been working in configuration management and moved into feature modeling. Also around that time, Charles Kreuger of Big Lever developed Gears, which had built into it the feature concept. Gears also applied to configuration management and mass customization—a lot of CMU/SEI-2016-SR-027 | SOFTWARE ENGINEERING INSTITUTE | CARNEGIE MELLON UNIVERSITY 263 Distribution Statement A: Approved for Public Release; Distribution is Unlimited.
small components could be integrated in different ways, with integration guided by what things were common, how the common pieces fit together, and what were the variations. The principal contribution of the SEI in developing FODA was to demonstrate that to achieve reuse, simply identifying common elements and features is insufficient. To succeed, reuse requires a more systematic identification of commonality and variation, how things vary, and where they vary; and then variation must be planned in advance, anticipating and planning for changes that are likely to occur. Managing variation was the main emphasis in FODA that distinguished it from other methodologies. The preponderance of tools that perform domain analysis (80-90 percent) use FODA as a starting point. They all use the alternative and optional kinds of features and may add information that the SEI did not account for, but all are built around the model that the SEI developed. References [Czarnecki 2000] Czarnecki, K. & Eisenecker, U. Generative Programming: Methods, Tools, and Applications. Addison-Wesley, 2000 (ISBN 0201309777). [GAO 1993] General Accounting Office. Software: Major Issues Need to Be Resolved Before Benefits Can Be Achieved (GAO/IMTEC-93-16). General Accounting Office, 1993. [Kang 1990] Kang, Kyo; Cohen, Sholom; Hess, James; Novak, William; & Peterson, A. Feature- Oriented Domain Analysis (FODA) Feasibility Study (CMU/SEI-90-TR-021). Software Engineering Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, 1990. http://resources.sei.cmu.edu/library/assetview.cfm?AssetID=11231 [Weiss 1999] Weiss, David M. & Lai, Chi Tau Robert. Software Product Line Engineering: A Family-Based Software Development Process. Addison-Wesley Professional, 1999 (ISBN 0201694387). [Williamson 2005] Williamson, John. “Army Tactical Command and Control System (ATCCS) (United States), Systems,” 673. Jane’s Military Communications 2005–06, 26th Edition. John Williamson, ed. Janes Information Group, 2005 (ISBN 0710626991). CMU/SEI-2016-SR-027 | SOFTWARE ENGINEERING INSTITUTE | CARNEGIE MELLON UNIVERSITY 264 Distribution Statement A: Approved for Public Release; Distribution is Unlimited.
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A Technical History of the SEI Larr
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Table of Contents Foreword Preface
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The Consequence: Undergraduate Soft
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References 131 Expanding the CMMI P
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The Challenge: Configuration Suppor
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References 275 Operational Support
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Foreword Angel Jordan University Pr
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to the SEI on a part-time basis as
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Blaise Durante Deputy Assistant Sec
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synergy between the TRA team’s ob
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Preface This report chronicles the
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Abstract This report chronicles the
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1 Introduction CMU/SEI-2016-SR-027
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Introduction In December 1984, the
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promulgate use of modern techniques
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Interpreting the Charter In creatin
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of Defense and flag officers from t
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(CRADA) funding is available to exp
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Another effective mechanism has bee
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2 Real-Time Embedded Systems Engine
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Figure 3: Real-Time Embedded System
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Introduction to Real-Time Embedded
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in those developments. The SEI was,
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general-purpose techniques but with
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Summary DoD systems have traditiona
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Ada/Real-Time Embedded Systems Test
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enchmark. Results of testbed experi
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Distributed Ada Real-Time Kernel Th
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Ada Adoption Handbook The Challenge
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[Hefley 1992] Hefley, William; Fore
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processor utilization. The sample a
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References [AFSAB 1988] Air Force S
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also known as using simplicity to c
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Software for Heterogeneous Machines
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[Barbacci 1986b] Barbacci, Mario &
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The increase in processing capacity
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[Lakshmanan 2011] Lakshmanan, Karth
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analysis as well as model tuning fo
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References [Hansen 2004] Hansen, J.
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or asynchronous networked computer
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3 Education and Training CMU/SEI-20
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Figure 4: Education and Training Ti
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making materials available to allow
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course offering, while at other uni
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[DoD 1984] Statement of Work for Im
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The curriculum guidelines also sugg
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Undergraduate Software Engineering
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SEI adapted the Personal Software P
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Software Assurance Curriculum for C
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how they relate to business needs.
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Survivability and Information Assur
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The SEI curriculum and others’ co
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The CSEE conference series also bro
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CMU Master of Software Engineering
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Executive Education Program The Cha
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Professional Training The Challenge
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Education and Training Delivery Pla
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[Ardis 2005] Ardis, Mark. “An Inc
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practical for keeping content curre
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[Johnson 2012] Johnson, Col. Rivers
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4 Management CMU/SEI-2016-SR-027 |
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Figure 5: Management Timeline CMU/S
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Introduction to Management When the
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neering CMM [SEI 1995] to describe
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under SEI stewardship in 2009. Deve
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References [Averill 1993] Averill,
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[SEI 1995] A Systems Engineering Ca
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The SEI developed a more explicit m
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[Humphrey 1988] Humphrey, Watts; Sw
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opinion leaders and senior managers
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[Hayes 1995] Hayes, William & Zubro
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move from maturity level to maturit
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The People Capability Maturity Mode
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The SEI Contribution As is the case
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and security process improvement. T
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[Caralli 2004] Caralli, Richard. Ma
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4.6.2.1 CMMI Constellations For CMM
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ity and widespread use of the CMMI
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Expanding the CMMI Product Suite to
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key leaders within that organizatio
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The Smart Grid The Challenge: The N
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ecoming more widespread. As utiliti
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Continuous Risk Management training
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[Alberts 2009] Alberts, Christopher
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The principal motivator for the dev
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References [Carleton 2010] Carleton
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Measurement and Analysis The Challe
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Carnegie Mellon University, 2002. h
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activities. The final set of activi
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[Rombach 1989] Rombach, H. Dieter &
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5 Security CMU/SEI-2016-SR-027 | SO
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Figure 6: Security Timeline CMU/SEI
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Introduction to Security In the ear
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The CERT/CC helps guard against dev
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The SEI concern about risks posed t
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Teams (FIRST), which was formed in
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[Killcrece 2008] Killcrece, Georgia
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The CERT/CC built on its vast colle
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Malicious Code Analysis The Challen
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have put advanced tools in the hand
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Secure Coding The Challenge: Preven
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end, the SEI has developed training
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Network Situational Awareness The C
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In 2007, the Comprehensive National
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study. In 2011, the DoD began fundi
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[CSO 2004] CSO Magazine, in coopera
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People who work in small organizati
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[Violino 2010] Violino, Bob. “IT
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Since its initial development in 20
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References [Alberts 2005] Alberts,
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6 Software Engineering Methods CMU/
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Introduction to Software Engineerin
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were delivered to Army and Air Forc
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Configuration Management The Challe
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The SEI Contribution The SEI recogn
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CASE Environments The Challenge: Ma
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The SEI Contribution The CASE work
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Software Technology Reference Guide
Page 241 and 242: Reengineering The Challenge: Legacy
Page 243 and 244: [Bergey 1999] Bergey, John; Smith,
Page 245 and 246: 2. Influence is more important than
Page 247 and 248: [Brownsword 2004] Brownsword, Lisa;
Page 249 and 250: Developing Systems with Commercial
Page 251 and 252: The SEI Contribution When the SEI s
Page 253 and 254: [Tyson 2003] Tyson, Barbara; Albert
Page 255 and 256: system is safe); (2) evidence suppo
Page 257 and 258: 7 Architecture CMU/SEI-2016-SR-027
Page 259: 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996
Page 262 and 263: Introduction to Software Architectu
Page 264 and 265: cation description language, in the
Page 266 and 267: AFSC/ESD conducted a source selecti
Page 268 and 269: [Brown 1995] Brown, Alan; Carney, D
Page 270 and 271: Structural Modeling The Challenge:
Page 272 and 273: The SEI Contribution As a result of
Page 274 and 275: Federal Aviation Administration Stu
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Page 278 and 279: The basic features of Serpent were
Page 280 and 281: Software Architecture Analysis Meth
Page 282 and 283: A survey of software architecture e
Page 284 and 285: Quality Attributes The Challenge: M
Page 286 and 287: [Barbacci 1995] Barbacci, Mario; Kl
Page 288 and 289: The Consequence: Effective Evaluati
Page 290 and 291: [Gallagher 2000] Gallagher, Brian.
Page 294 and 295: Software Product Lines The Challeng
Page 296 and 297: A software product line curriculum.
Page 298 and 299: 8 Forensics CMU/SEI-2016-SR-027 | S
Page 300: Figure 8: Forensics Timeline CMU/SE
Page 303 and 304: Introduction to Computer Forensics:
Page 305 and 306: ultimate contribution of SEI digita
Page 307 and 308: The SEI’s experience with cases s
Page 309 and 310: Digital Intelligence and Investigat
Page 311 and 312: that not only apply to the specific
Page 313 and 314: 9 The Future of Software Engineerin
Page 315 and 316: A Vision of the Future of Software
Page 317 and 318: In each case, impact is achieved th
Page 319 and 320: e-estimation as a means to assess p
Page 321 and 322: and complexity of these systems are
Page 323 and 324: 10 Conclusion CMU/SEI-2016-SR-027 |
Page 325 and 326: Highlighting 30 Years of Contributi
Page 327 and 328: developed network situational aware
Page 329 and 330: Direct Support to Government System
Page 331 and 332: In the course of these reviews, the
Page 333 and 334: Appendix Authors Contributing to th
Page 335: REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form Appr
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A Technical History of the SEI

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