A Technical History of the SEI

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[Hefley 1992] Hefley, William; Foreman, John; Engle, Chuck Jr.; & Goodenough, John. Ada Adoption Handbook: A Program Manager’s Guide, Version 2.0 (CMU/SEI-92-TR-029). Software Engineering Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, 1992. http://resources.sei.cmu.edu/library/asset-view.cfm?assetID=11721 CMU/SEI-2016-SR-027 | SOFTWARE ENGINEERING INSTITUTE | CARNEGIE MELLON UNIVERSITY 35 Distribution Statement A: Approved for Public Release; Distribution is Unlimited
Rate Monotonic Analysis The Challenge: Predicting Real-Time Systems’ Ability to Meet Performance Deadlines The majority of defense systems are real-time systems with hard performance deadlines. A major challenge in designing a real-time system is the ability to predict, before the system is built, whether the real-time deadlines will be met at runtime. This is roughly analogous to being able to predict whether a bridge will stand before it is built. While structural engineers have the mathematical tools to make such predictions, no such analytical tool was available for software engineers designing real-time systems. Consequently, real-time behavior was difficult to predict. Most designed systems were using cyclical executives with manually developed timelines. Even engineers with significant prior experience had their systems fail, often catastrophically. As noted in the 1992 National Research Council report Computing the Future, “The traditional method of scheduling concurrent tasks is to lay out a timeline manually. A change might require the undo of an entire timeline” [NRC 1992]. Adding to this risk was growing pressure from the operating community to acquire integrated systems, those in which the individual sensor inputs and controls are integrated into a single computer or suite of computers. The F-22 aspiration for integrated avionics is one example [AFSAB 1988]. By the late 1980s, the traditional timeline approach was no longer able to handle the complexity of real-time systems. It was time for a new approach, one based on solid theory and supported by analytic tools. A Solution: Rate Monotonic Analysis In 1988, a faculty member and his graduate student at Carnegie Mellon University were working under a contract from IBM Federal Systems Division to investigate a way of determining, in advance, whether a fiber optical network could meet all the real-time communication deadlines. They found two theories from a 1973 paper [Liu 1973] proving that if a set of independent periodic tasks has a worst-case processor utilization of less than 69 percent, then all the tasks’ jobs will meet their deadlines, provided that higher priorities are given to tasks with higher rates. This was called rate monotonic scheduling (RMS). RMS provided the basis for solving IBM’s problem, but IBM’s problem also highlighted the practical limitations of RMS. The same paper also proved that, for a set of independent periodic tasks, if priority is assigned to jobs instead of to tasks, using the earliest (job’s) deadline-first (EDF) algorithm, then all jobs’ deadlines will be met as long as the worst-case processor utilization is less than 100 percent. This paper seemed to provide the underpinnings for a potentially practical theory for designing real-time systems. Naturally, the CMU researchers first tried to extend EDF to address various practical concerns such as task interaction. Fortunately, the researchers were also given a set of challenging example applications. They quickly determined that with EDF, the problem of maintaining system stability under transient overload does not have low-complexity practical solutions. They also noticed that the 69 percent bound is irrelevant in practice. First, practical control tasks form rate groups, and the schedulability is over 90 percent instead of 69 percent. Second, given a set of periodic tasks that is constrained by the 69 percent bound, these tasks can be easily transformed to achieve much higher CMU/SEI-2016-SR-027 | SOFTWARE ENGINEERING INSTITUTE | CARNEGIE MELLON UNIVERSITY 36 Distribution Statement A: Approved for Public Release; Distribution is Unlimited
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A Technical History of the SEI Larr
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Table of Contents Foreword Preface
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The Consequence: Undergraduate Soft
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References 131 Expanding the CMMI P
Page 9 and 10: The Challenge: Configuration Suppor
Page 11 and 12: References 275 Operational Support
Page 13 and 14: Foreword Angel Jordan University Pr
Page 15 and 16: to the SEI on a part-time basis as
Page 17 and 18: Blaise Durante Deputy Assistant Sec
Page 19 and 20: synergy between the TRA team’s ob
Page 21 and 22: Preface This report chronicles the
Page 23 and 24: Abstract This report chronicles the
Page 25 and 26: 1 Introduction CMU/SEI-2016-SR-027
Page 27 and 28: Introduction In December 1984, the
Page 29 and 30: promulgate use of modern techniques
Page 31 and 32: Interpreting the Charter In creatin
Page 33 and 34: of Defense and flag officers from t
Page 35 and 36: (CRADA) funding is available to exp
Page 37 and 38: Another effective mechanism has bee
Page 39 and 40: 2 Real-Time Embedded Systems Engine
Page 41: Figure 3: Real-Time Embedded System
Page 44 and 45: Introduction to Real-Time Embedded
Page 46 and 47: in those developments. The SEI was,
Page 48 and 49: general-purpose techniques but with
Page 50 and 51: Summary DoD systems have traditiona
Page 52 and 53: Ada/Real-Time Embedded Systems Test
Page 54 and 55: enchmark. Results of testbed experi
Page 56 and 57: Distributed Ada Real-Time Kernel Th
Page 58 and 59: Ada Adoption Handbook The Challenge
Page 62 and 63: processor utilization. The sample a
Page 64 and 65: References [AFSAB 1988] Air Force S
Page 66 and 67: also known as using simplicity to c
Page 68 and 69: Software for Heterogeneous Machines
Page 70 and 71: [Barbacci 1986b] Barbacci, Mario &
Page 72 and 73: The increase in processing capacity
Page 74 and 75: [Lakshmanan 2011] Lakshmanan, Karth
Page 76 and 77: analysis as well as model tuning fo
Page 78 and 79: References [Hansen 2004] Hansen, J.
Page 80 and 81: or asynchronous networked computer
Page 82 and 83: 3 Education and Training CMU/SEI-20
Page 84: Figure 4: Education and Training Ti
Page 87 and 88: making materials available to allow
Page 89 and 90: course offering, while at other uni
Page 91 and 92: [DoD 1984] Statement of Work for Im
Page 93 and 94: The curriculum guidelines also sugg
Page 95 and 96: Undergraduate Software Engineering
Page 97 and 98: SEI adapted the Personal Software P
Page 99 and 100: Software Assurance Curriculum for C
Page 101 and 102: how they relate to business needs.
Page 103 and 104: Survivability and Information Assur
Page 105 and 106: The SEI curriculum and others’ co
Page 107 and 108: The CSEE conference series also bro
Page 109 and 110: CMU Master of Software Engineering
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Executive Education Program The Cha
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Professional Training The Challenge
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Education and Training Delivery Pla
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[Ardis 2005] Ardis, Mark. “An Inc
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practical for keeping content curre
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[Johnson 2012] Johnson, Col. Rivers
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4 Management CMU/SEI-2016-SR-027 |
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Figure 5: Management Timeline CMU/S
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Introduction to Management When the
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neering CMM [SEI 1995] to describe
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under SEI stewardship in 2009. Deve
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References [Averill 1993] Averill,
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[SEI 1995] A Systems Engineering Ca
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The SEI developed a more explicit m
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[Humphrey 1988] Humphrey, Watts; Sw
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opinion leaders and senior managers
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[Hayes 1995] Hayes, William & Zubro
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move from maturity level to maturit
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The People Capability Maturity Mode
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The SEI Contribution As is the case
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and security process improvement. T
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[Caralli 2004] Caralli, Richard. Ma
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4.6.2.1 CMMI Constellations For CMM
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ity and widespread use of the CMMI
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Expanding the CMMI Product Suite to
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key leaders within that organizatio
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The Smart Grid The Challenge: The N
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ecoming more widespread. As utiliti
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Continuous Risk Management training
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[Alberts 2009] Alberts, Christopher
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The principal motivator for the dev
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References [Carleton 2010] Carleton
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Measurement and Analysis The Challe
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Carnegie Mellon University, 2002. h
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activities. The final set of activi
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[Rombach 1989] Rombach, H. Dieter &
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5 Security CMU/SEI-2016-SR-027 | SO
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Figure 6: Security Timeline CMU/SEI
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Introduction to Security In the ear
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The CERT/CC helps guard against dev
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The SEI concern about risks posed t
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Teams (FIRST), which was formed in
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[Killcrece 2008] Killcrece, Georgia
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The CERT/CC built on its vast colle
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Malicious Code Analysis The Challen
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have put advanced tools in the hand
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Secure Coding The Challenge: Preven
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end, the SEI has developed training
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Network Situational Awareness The C
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In 2007, the Comprehensive National
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study. In 2011, the DoD began fundi
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[CSO 2004] CSO Magazine, in coopera
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People who work in small organizati
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[Violino 2010] Violino, Bob. “IT
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Since its initial development in 20
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References [Alberts 2005] Alberts,
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6 Software Engineering Methods CMU/
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Introduction to Software Engineerin
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were delivered to Army and Air Forc
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Configuration Management The Challe
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The SEI Contribution The SEI recogn
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CASE Environments The Challenge: Ma
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The SEI Contribution The CASE work
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Software Technology Reference Guide
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Reengineering The Challenge: Legacy
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[Bergey 1999] Bergey, John; Smith,
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2. Influence is more important than
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[Brownsword 2004] Brownsword, Lisa;
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Developing Systems with Commercial
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The SEI Contribution When the SEI s
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[Tyson 2003] Tyson, Barbara; Albert
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system is safe); (2) evidence suppo
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7 Architecture CMU/SEI-2016-SR-027
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1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996
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Introduction to Software Architectu
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cation description language, in the
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AFSC/ESD conducted a source selecti
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[Brown 1995] Brown, Alan; Carney, D
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Structural Modeling The Challenge:
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The SEI Contribution As a result of
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Federal Aviation Administration Stu
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evolving understanding of software
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The basic features of Serpent were
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Software Architecture Analysis Meth
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A survey of software architecture e
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Quality Attributes The Challenge: M
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[Barbacci 1995] Barbacci, Mario; Kl
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The Consequence: Effective Evaluati
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[Gallagher 2000] Gallagher, Brian.
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design with some variation built in
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Software Product Lines The Challeng
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A software product line curriculum.
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8 Forensics CMU/SEI-2016-SR-027 | S
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Figure 8: Forensics Timeline CMU/SE
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Introduction to Computer Forensics:
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ultimate contribution of SEI digita
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The SEI’s experience with cases s
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Digital Intelligence and Investigat
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that not only apply to the specific
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9 The Future of Software Engineerin
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A Vision of the Future of Software
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In each case, impact is achieved th
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e-estimation as a means to assess p
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and complexity of these systems are
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10 Conclusion CMU/SEI-2016-SR-027 |
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Highlighting 30 Years of Contributi
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developed network situational aware
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Direct Support to Government System
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In the course of these reviews, the
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Appendix Authors Contributing to th
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REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form Appr
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A Technical History of the SEI

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