A Technical History of the SEI

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also known as using simplicity to control complexity. A key factor in applying this principle is to have a simple computation of the bounds to be expected from the more complex component. In the case of the PCA example, the simple bounds might be based on known allowable quantities of morphine over a specific period, factored by the patient’s weight. As long as the more complex system (the human) does not exceed those allowable bounds, the human can employ varying amounts of morphine to combat experienced pain, with each patient using his or her own pain tolerance as a guiding factor (the complex component). The Simplex architecture also ensures predictable and guaranteed timing behaviors in spite of failures of complex components and allows restarting or replacing complex components during operation. Simplex architecture also enables switching the control to alternative components safely. This can be done automatically so that if one complex controller fails, a second, alternative controller using different algorithms can be invoked. An important side effect of this feature is that developers can incrementally compile a new complex controller and switch control to that controller while the system is running. The Consequence: Increased Reliability of Safety-Critical Systems The architecture principles have been applied successfully to many defense programs as well as commercial systems. Notable applications of Simplex architecture principles include the F-22 and F-35. In acknowledging support from the SEI and the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign support during the implementation of those systems, DoD leadership clearly shows that the technology has been highly regarded. The SEI Contribution The Simplex architecture is a software-fault-tolerant architecture. Prior to its development, the dominant software-fault-tolerant approach was N-version programming [Lyu 1995]. It was shown that the Simplex architecture significantly outperforms N-version programming under a wide range of conditions [Sha 2001]. The Simplex architecture grew out of research at the SEI, and three prototype systems were developed to demonstrate application of the concept. They include an inverted pendulum for experimental purposes, a diving control system funded by the Navy, and an F-16 advanced maneuvering control study using Lockheed Martin’s simulator and funded by the Air Force. Important applications and extensions include the support of safety engineering in networked medical device interoperability (sponsored by the National Institutes of Health and led by Massachusetts General Hospital) and its applications to enhance the security of electric power networks (led by the SEI). Recent extensions and development of technological advances include the System Simplex architecture, in which the safe controller is implemented in field programmable gate arrays (FPGA) [Bak 2009]. System Simplex is robust against operating system failures and security attacks on the application processor. A more economical variant of System Simplex architecture is to implement the safety controller on a secured core in a multicore chip. Currently, the SEI and the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign are collaborating on the extension of the System Simplex architecture to secure a power generation and distribution network. Another extension is the support of networked control systems, in which the stability enveloped accounts for the implications of distributed control challenges [Yao 2013]. An ongoing research project in extending Simplex is CMU/SEI-2016-SR-027 | SOFTWARE ENGINEERING INSTITUTE | CARNEGIE MELLON UNIVERSITY 41 Distribution Statement A: Approved for Public Release; Distribution is Unlimited
to integrate Simplex architecture with an L1-adaptive controller designed to tolerate mechanical failures. The resulting technology is called L1-Simplex, which is designed to tolerate concurrent software and mechanical failures under a known fault model. References [Bak 2009] Bak, S.; Chivukula, D.; Adekunle, O.; Sun, M.; Caccamo, M.; & Sha, L. “The System-Level Simplex Architecture for Improved Real-Time Embedded System Safety.” Proceedings of the 15th IEEE Real-Time and Embedded Technology and Applications Symposium. RTAS 2009, San Francisco, CA, April 13-16, 2009. IEEE, 2009. [Lyu 1995] Lyu, Michael R, editor. Software Fault Tolerance. John Wiley & Sons, 1995 (ISBN 0-471958888). http://www.cse.cuhk.edu.hk/~lyu/book/sft/ [RCTA 1992] RCTA Inc. Software Considerations in Airborne Systems and Equipment Certification. (DO-178B), December 1, 1992. [Sha 2001] Sha, L. “Using Simplicity to Control Complexity.” IEEE Software 18, 4 (July/August 2001): 20-28. [Yao 2013] Yao, J.; Liu, X.; Zhu, G.; & Sha, L. “NetSimplex: Controller Fault Tolerance Architecture in Networked Control Systems.” IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics 9, 1 (February 2013): 346-256. CMU/SEI-2016-SR-027 | SOFTWARE ENGINEERING INSTITUTE | CARNEGIE MELLON UNIVERSITY 42 Distribution Statement A: Approved for Public Release; Distribution is Unlimited
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A Technical History of the SEI Larr
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Table of Contents Foreword Preface
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The Consequence: Undergraduate Soft
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References 131 Expanding the CMMI P
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The Challenge: Configuration Suppor
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References 275 Operational Support
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Foreword Angel Jordan University Pr
Page 15 and 16: to the SEI on a part-time basis as
Page 17 and 18: Blaise Durante Deputy Assistant Sec
Page 19 and 20: synergy between the TRA team’s ob
Page 21 and 22: Preface This report chronicles the
Page 23 and 24: Abstract This report chronicles the
Page 25 and 26: 1 Introduction CMU/SEI-2016-SR-027
Page 27 and 28: Introduction In December 1984, the
Page 29 and 30: promulgate use of modern techniques
Page 31 and 32: Interpreting the Charter In creatin
Page 33 and 34: of Defense and flag officers from t
Page 35 and 36: (CRADA) funding is available to exp
Page 37 and 38: Another effective mechanism has bee
Page 39 and 40: 2 Real-Time Embedded Systems Engine
Page 41: Figure 3: Real-Time Embedded System
Page 44 and 45: Introduction to Real-Time Embedded
Page 46 and 47: in those developments. The SEI was,
Page 48 and 49: general-purpose techniques but with
Page 50 and 51: Summary DoD systems have traditiona
Page 52 and 53: Ada/Real-Time Embedded Systems Test
Page 54 and 55: enchmark. Results of testbed experi
Page 56 and 57: Distributed Ada Real-Time Kernel Th
Page 58 and 59: Ada Adoption Handbook The Challenge
Page 60 and 61: [Hefley 1992] Hefley, William; Fore
Page 62 and 63: processor utilization. The sample a
Page 64 and 65: References [AFSAB 1988] Air Force S
Page 68 and 69: Software for Heterogeneous Machines
Page 70 and 71: [Barbacci 1986b] Barbacci, Mario &
Page 72 and 73: The increase in processing capacity
Page 74 and 75: [Lakshmanan 2011] Lakshmanan, Karth
Page 76 and 77: analysis as well as model tuning fo
Page 78 and 79: References [Hansen 2004] Hansen, J.
Page 80 and 81: or asynchronous networked computer
Page 82 and 83: 3 Education and Training CMU/SEI-20
Page 84: Figure 4: Education and Training Ti
Page 87 and 88: making materials available to allow
Page 89 and 90: course offering, while at other uni
Page 91 and 92: [DoD 1984] Statement of Work for Im
Page 93 and 94: The curriculum guidelines also sugg
Page 95 and 96: Undergraduate Software Engineering
Page 97 and 98: SEI adapted the Personal Software P
Page 99 and 100: Software Assurance Curriculum for C
Page 101 and 102: how they relate to business needs.
Page 103 and 104: Survivability and Information Assur
Page 105 and 106: The SEI curriculum and others’ co
Page 107 and 108: The CSEE conference series also bro
Page 109 and 110: CMU Master of Software Engineering
Page 111 and 112: Executive Education Program The Cha
Page 113 and 114: Professional Training The Challenge
Page 115 and 116: Education and Training Delivery Pla
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[Ardis 2005] Ardis, Mark. “An Inc
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practical for keeping content curre
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[Johnson 2012] Johnson, Col. Rivers
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4 Management CMU/SEI-2016-SR-027 |
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Figure 5: Management Timeline CMU/S
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Introduction to Management When the
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neering CMM [SEI 1995] to describe
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under SEI stewardship in 2009. Deve
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References [Averill 1993] Averill,
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[SEI 1995] A Systems Engineering Ca
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The SEI developed a more explicit m
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[Humphrey 1988] Humphrey, Watts; Sw
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opinion leaders and senior managers
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[Hayes 1995] Hayes, William & Zubro
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move from maturity level to maturit
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The People Capability Maturity Mode
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The SEI Contribution As is the case
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and security process improvement. T
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[Caralli 2004] Caralli, Richard. Ma
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4.6.2.1 CMMI Constellations For CMM
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ity and widespread use of the CMMI
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Expanding the CMMI Product Suite to
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key leaders within that organizatio
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The Smart Grid The Challenge: The N
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ecoming more widespread. As utiliti
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Continuous Risk Management training
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[Alberts 2009] Alberts, Christopher
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The principal motivator for the dev
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References [Carleton 2010] Carleton
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Measurement and Analysis The Challe
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Carnegie Mellon University, 2002. h
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activities. The final set of activi
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[Rombach 1989] Rombach, H. Dieter &
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5 Security CMU/SEI-2016-SR-027 | SO
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Figure 6: Security Timeline CMU/SEI
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Introduction to Security In the ear
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The CERT/CC helps guard against dev
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The SEI concern about risks posed t
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Teams (FIRST), which was formed in
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[Killcrece 2008] Killcrece, Georgia
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The CERT/CC built on its vast colle
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Malicious Code Analysis The Challen
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have put advanced tools in the hand
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Secure Coding The Challenge: Preven
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end, the SEI has developed training
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Network Situational Awareness The C
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In 2007, the Comprehensive National
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study. In 2011, the DoD began fundi
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[CSO 2004] CSO Magazine, in coopera
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People who work in small organizati
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[Violino 2010] Violino, Bob. “IT
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Since its initial development in 20
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References [Alberts 2005] Alberts,
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6 Software Engineering Methods CMU/
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Introduction to Software Engineerin
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were delivered to Army and Air Forc
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Configuration Management The Challe
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The SEI Contribution The SEI recogn
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CASE Environments The Challenge: Ma
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The SEI Contribution The CASE work
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Software Technology Reference Guide
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Reengineering The Challenge: Legacy
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[Bergey 1999] Bergey, John; Smith,
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2. Influence is more important than
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[Brownsword 2004] Brownsword, Lisa;
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Developing Systems with Commercial
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The SEI Contribution When the SEI s
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[Tyson 2003] Tyson, Barbara; Albert
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system is safe); (2) evidence suppo
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7 Architecture CMU/SEI-2016-SR-027
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1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996
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Introduction to Software Architectu
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cation description language, in the
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AFSC/ESD conducted a source selecti
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[Brown 1995] Brown, Alan; Carney, D
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Structural Modeling The Challenge:
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The SEI Contribution As a result of
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Federal Aviation Administration Stu
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evolving understanding of software
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The basic features of Serpent were
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Software Architecture Analysis Meth
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A survey of software architecture e
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Quality Attributes The Challenge: M
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[Barbacci 1995] Barbacci, Mario; Kl
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The Consequence: Effective Evaluati
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[Gallagher 2000] Gallagher, Brian.
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design with some variation built in
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Software Product Lines The Challeng
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A software product line curriculum.
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8 Forensics CMU/SEI-2016-SR-027 | S
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Figure 8: Forensics Timeline CMU/SE
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Introduction to Computer Forensics:
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ultimate contribution of SEI digita
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The SEI’s experience with cases s
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Digital Intelligence and Investigat
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that not only apply to the specific
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9 The Future of Software Engineerin
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A Vision of the Future of Software
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In each case, impact is achieved th
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e-estimation as a means to assess p
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and complexity of these systems are
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10 Conclusion CMU/SEI-2016-SR-027 |
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Highlighting 30 Years of Contributi
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developed network situational aware
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Direct Support to Government System
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In the course of these reviews, the
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Appendix Authors Contributing to th
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REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form Appr
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A Technical History of the SEI

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