Security in Space The Next Generation - UNIDIR

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74 spacecraft on a semi-synchronous orbit and one spacecraft on a geosynchronous orbit. In 1978 France launched a proposal to create an International Satellite Control Agency to manage compliance with disarmament agreements and observation of crisis situations. In 1988 France proposed another concept, the Satellite Imagery Agency. The creation of such an agency would promote control of compliance with the existing disarmament and arms control agreements and help prevent catastrophes and major natural disasters. Moreover this agency could serve as a centre for training satellite imagery analysts. In 1988 the Soviet Union made a proposal to create an International Remote Sensing Agency that would provide the international community with information on compliance with multilateral disarmament agreements and observation of the military situation in confl ict areas, for the reduction of international tension. In the view of the Soviet Union, if the results of observations by national satellite systems had been made available to an international organization this would have become a major confi dence-building measure. Another Canadian concept dealt with a PAXSAT-B space vehicle designed for verifi cation of compliance with conventional arms control treaties in restricted areas. In the recent years there has been a visible increase of interest towards TCBMs. Some states are applying them at their own initiative. For instance: since 2003 Russia is posting on the web information on scheduled launches and their mission for the international community; in 2004 Russia announced that it will not be the fi rst to deploy weapons in outer space; in 2005 this initiative of the Russian Federation was endorsed by the member states of the Collective Security Treaty, who made similar statements; Norway provides notifi cations on scheduled launches of rocket probes from its range in the Arctic Ocean; and on 8 June 2006 the UK delegation made a statement at a plenary meeting of the Conference on Disarmament that the United Kingdom “has no intention to deploy weapons in outer space”.
The above-mentioned measures are not comprehensive neither by the scope of coverage of various space activities nor by participation of states in their implementation. In this connection, the UN General Assembly at its sixtieth and sixty-fi rst sessions adopted the resolutions on transparency and confi dence-building measures in space activities that contained a request to Member States to inform the Secretary-General about their views on the need for further development of international TCBMs in outer space aimed at promoting peace, security, international cooperation and prevention of an arms race in outer space, as well as their specifi c proposals regarding such measures. The development of TCBMs should not detract us from the main objective— the prevention of an arms race in outer space. There have been proposals made ranging from simple to complex—since reaching an understanding on a treaty prohibiting the placement of weapons in outer space may take much time, it would be appropriate to focus fi rst on confi dence measures, codes of conduct, and the review and promotion of best practices. However, with all their apparent logic, such proposals have a number of shortcomings. First, unlike the treaty in question, it is not intended that they would have a legally binding character. Second, they do not address the issue of the prevention of an arms race in outer space, and thus outer space would remain open for weaponization. Third, the existing experience todate shows that states can be “transparent” and “predictable”, but do not necessarily comply with existing international space law, as it happened in 2007 and 2008 with the destruction of two satellites. Fourth, one cannot exclude that such an approach to addressing the problems in orbit would be promoted as the “best practice” and could in time become a precedent. Finally, work that only pursues TCBMs may detract our attention from the task of prevention of an arms race in outer space and substantially slow down the development of a treaty prohibiting the deployment of weapons in outer space—and this runs counter to the guidelines regarding confi dence-building measures—”Confi dence-building measures must be neither a substitute nor a precondition for disarmament measures nor divert attention from them”. 75
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THE SIMONS FOUNDATION SECURE WORLD
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About the cover Cover photograph co
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CONTENTS Foreword .................
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FOREWORD Outer space is an essentia
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS UNIDIR would like
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xii on the editorial board of The B
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xiv Victor VASILIEV Victor Vasiliev
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CONFERENCE SUMMARY The conference
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Another threat that we need to addr
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humanitarian workers to reach the e
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The question was raised as to wheth
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For this reasons, TCBMs and a treat
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cases actors should engage in consu
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Following the presentations by the
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Could stated national policies, if
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the contrary. Rules in space became
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effects of space weather, and of co
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2 space activities, it has become c
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4 in Outer Space, the Threat or Use
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SPACE GENERATION ADVISORY COUNCIL A
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The fi rst issue is space debris. S
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avoid confl ict by prohibiting weap
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14 For its devastating power, the d
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16 papers elaborating our views on
Page 49 and 50: DOWN TO EARTH: A SOLUTION TO A GLOB
Page 51 and 52: for life on Mars could have a numbe
Page 53 and 54: Combining their expertise in mass s
Page 55 and 56: 26 Perhaps the most widespread civi
Page 57 and 58: 28 strengthen disaster preparedness
Page 59 and 60: 30 solutions for human security, pe
Page 61 and 62: 32 and other small particles. There
Page 63 and 64: NEXT GENERATION SPACE SECURITY CHAL
Page 65 and 66: This is a summary of all objects in
Page 67 and 68: Table 2. Worldwide space situationa
Page 69 and 70: was on par with one another at roug
Page 71 and 72: challenge to the international comm
Page 73 and 74: Notes 1 This research has been made
Page 75 and 76: NO HARMFUL INTERFERENCE WITH SPACE
Page 77 and 78: and the second Strategic Arms Reduc
Page 79 and 80: as well as terrestrial capabilities
Page 81 and 82: The Henry L. Stimson Center, in col
Page 83 and 84: The critics are right to recall tha
Page 85 and 86: forums. It could be negotiated by a
Page 87 and 88: precedent for non-interference with
Page 89 and 90: TRANSPARENCY AND CONFIDENCE-BUILDIN
Page 91 and 92: IADC’s terms of reference also pr
Page 93 and 94: actions. As these groups develop co
Page 95 and 96: TRANSPARENCY AND CONFIDENCE-BUILDIN
Page 97 and 98: In addition, strict compliance with
Page 99: in considering eventual confi dence
Page 103 and 104: Notes 1 General Assembly, Special R
Page 105 and 106: SAFEGUARDING OUTER SPACE: ON THE RO
Page 107 and 108: mechanisms under permanent review,
Page 109 and 110: thereby and which may run counter t
Page 111 and 112: the discretion of that state—henc
Page 113 and 114: condition of “common agreement”
Page 115 and 116: Foundation, and Rebecca Johnson, di
Page 117 and 118: ANNEX Buenos Aires International In
Page 119 and 120: Refusal to hold consultations, or t
Page 121 and 122: confi rmation thirty days after the
Page 123 and 124: States Parties to the Treaty shall
Page 125 and 126: space law, UN document A/AC.105/C.2
Page 127 and 128: 104 a potential direct threat to ma
Page 129 and 130: 106 SPACE LAW: MANY PRINCIPLES, NO
Page 131 and 132: 108 of government and corporate sta
Page 133 and 134: 110 growth will be badly hurt if th
Page 135 and 136: 112 and samples of residual materia
Page 137 and 138: 114 outer space beyond the geostati
Page 139 and 140: 116 Virgin Galactic had to obtain t
Page 141 and 142: 118 air and space traffi c in the i
Page 143 and 144: 120 aviation and space weather comm
Page 145 and 146: 122 could play a role in lowering o
Page 147 and 148: 124 In other word, space security i
Page 149 and 150: 126 a second meeting of the informa
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128 ANNEX SPACE DEBRIS MITIGATION G
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130 Guideline 1: Limit debris relea
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132 that survives to reach the surf
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FROM SPACE DOMINANCE TO EQUITABLE R
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The United States has never conduct
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space for any purposes that the Uni
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provide adequate reassurance that n
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SESSION IV TREATIES AND AGREEMENTS:
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146 such weapons, if deployed in ou
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148 DEFINITIONS AND SCOPE OF A PPWT
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150 preamble—aims of a new treaty
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RUSSIAN-CHINESE SPACE-WEAPONS-BAN P
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this issue would ensure that a trea
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outer space is fundamentally import
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160 it is formed, what power it has
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162 ought to be illegal (or, ought
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164 two specifi c ASAT activities:
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166 CIL has always been an importan
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168 neutral space assets, even if t
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170 Despite that fi stful of treati
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172 in combat. Outer space is, of c
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SESSION V NEXT GENERATION, NEXT STE
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178 the ability to secure borders,
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180 and the Chinese in 2007 have le
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182 LIMITING ORBITAL DEBRIS FORMATI
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184 nations, an essential ingredien
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SPACE SECURITY AND SATELLITE APPLIC
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ROLE OF UNOSAT The initial idea of
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CANADA’S PERSPECTIVE ON SPACE SEC
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The draft treaty on the Prevention
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ACRONYMS ASAT anti-satellite weapon
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