Security in Space The Next Generation - UNIDIR

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98 Article 16: Authentic Text The original of this Instrument, of which the Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, and Spanish texts are equally authentic, shall be deposited with the Secretary-General of the United Nations, who shall send certifi ed copies thereof to all signatory and acceding States and international organisations. In witness thereof, the undersigned, being duly authorised by their governments, have signed this Instrument, opened for signature at the United Nations Headquarters in New York, on... Notes 1 General Assembly, Information on the activities of international intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations relating to space law, UN document A/AC.105/C.2/L.265, 16 January 2007, pp. 10–19; and General Assembly, Information on the activities of international intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations relating to space law, UN document A/AC.105/C.2/L.270, 25 January 2008, pp. 7–10. 2 General Assembly, Principles relating to remote sensing of the Earth from space, UN document A/RES/41/65, 3 December 1986. 3 See General Assembly, Information on the activities of international intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations relating to space law, UN document A/AC.105/C.2/L.265, 16 January 2007, pp.14–19. 4 General Assembly, National research on space debris, safety of space objects with nuclear power sources on board and problems relating to their collision with space debris, Note by the secretariat, UN document A/AC.105/918, 17 December 2007; and General Assembly, National research on space debris, safety of space objects with nuclear power sources on board and problems relating to their collision with space debris, Note by the secretariat, Addendum, UN document A/AC.105/918/Add.1, 10 January 2008. 5 General Assembly, International cooperation in the peaceful uses of outer space, UN document A/RES/62/217, 1 February 2008. 6 Article IV reads:
States Parties to the Treaty shall regard astronauts as envoys of mankind in outer space and shall render to them all possible assistance in the event of accident, distress, or emergency landing on the territory of another State Party or on the high seas. When astronauts make such a landing, they shall be safely and promptly returned to the State of registry of their space vehicle. In carrying on activities in outer space and on celestial bodies, the astronauts of one State Party shall render all possible assistance to the astronauts of other States Parties. States Parties to the Treaty shall immediately inform the other States Parties to the Treaty or the Secretary-General of the United Nations of any phenomena they discover in outer space, including the Moon and other celestial bodies, which could constitute a danger to the life or health of astronauts. 7 Conference on Disarmament, Letter Dated 27 June 2002 from the Permanent Representative of the People’s Republic of China and the Permanent Representative of the Russian Federation to the Conference on Disarmament Addressed to the Secretary-General of the Conference Transmitting the Chinese, English And Russian Texts of a Working Paper Entitled “Possible Elements for a Future International Legal Agreement on the Prevention of the Deployment of Weapons in Outer Space, the Threat or Use of Force against Outer Space Objects, document CD/1679, 28 June 2002. 8 For example, the Institut de Droit de l’Espace of the Académie Internationale d’Astronautique is dedicating one of the working sessions of its forthcoming International Colloquium (Glasgow, September 2008) to the discussion of near-Earth objects from a legal viewpoint. 9 In 1969 Sir Francis Vallat, in those days head of the UK delegation to the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, had already subjected this article to severe criticism considering that it did not manage to go beyond a loose duty of international cooperation. See “The Outer Space Treaties”, Journal of the Royal Aeronautical Society, vol. 73, 1969, pp. 755 ff. 10 Lubos Perek, “Outer Space Treaty in Perspective”, Proceedings of the 40th Colloquium on the Law of Outer Space, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1998, pp. 291–302. Also, Maureen Williams, “The Development of Article IX of the 1967 Space Treaty”, ibid., pp. 177–84; and Maureen Williams, El Riesgo Ambiental y su Regulación—Derecho Internacional y Comparado, Abeledo-Perrot, 1998, chps. 1–5. 99
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THE SIMONS FOUNDATION SECURE WORLD
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About the cover Cover photograph co
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CONTENTS Foreword .................
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FOREWORD Outer space is an essentia
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS UNIDIR would like
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xii on the editorial board of The B
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xiv Victor VASILIEV Victor Vasiliev
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CONFERENCE SUMMARY The conference
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Another threat that we need to addr
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humanitarian workers to reach the e
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The question was raised as to wheth
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For this reasons, TCBMs and a treat
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cases actors should engage in consu
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Following the presentations by the
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Could stated national policies, if
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the contrary. Rules in space became
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effects of space weather, and of co
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2 space activities, it has become c
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4 in Outer Space, the Threat or Use
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SPACE GENERATION ADVISORY COUNCIL A
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The fi rst issue is space debris. S
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avoid confl ict by prohibiting weap
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14 For its devastating power, the d
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16 papers elaborating our views on
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DOWN TO EARTH: A SOLUTION TO A GLOB
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for life on Mars could have a numbe
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Combining their expertise in mass s
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26 Perhaps the most widespread civi
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28 strengthen disaster preparedness
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30 solutions for human security, pe
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32 and other small particles. There
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NEXT GENERATION SPACE SECURITY CHAL
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This is a summary of all objects in
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Table 2. Worldwide space situationa
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was on par with one another at roug
Page 71 and 72: challenge to the international comm
Page 73 and 74: Notes 1 This research has been made
Page 75 and 76: NO HARMFUL INTERFERENCE WITH SPACE
Page 77 and 78: and the second Strategic Arms Reduc
Page 79 and 80: as well as terrestrial capabilities
Page 81 and 82: The Henry L. Stimson Center, in col
Page 83 and 84: The critics are right to recall tha
Page 85 and 86: forums. It could be negotiated by a
Page 87 and 88: precedent for non-interference with
Page 89 and 90: TRANSPARENCY AND CONFIDENCE-BUILDIN
Page 91 and 92: IADC’s terms of reference also pr
Page 93 and 94: actions. As these groups develop co
Page 95 and 96: TRANSPARENCY AND CONFIDENCE-BUILDIN
Page 97 and 98: In addition, strict compliance with
Page 99 and 100: in considering eventual confi dence
Page 101 and 102: The above-mentioned measures are no
Page 103 and 104: Notes 1 General Assembly, Special R
Page 105 and 106: SAFEGUARDING OUTER SPACE: ON THE RO
Page 107 and 108: mechanisms under permanent review,
Page 109 and 110: thereby and which may run counter t
Page 111 and 112: the discretion of that state—henc
Page 113 and 114: condition of “common agreement”
Page 115 and 116: Foundation, and Rebecca Johnson, di
Page 117 and 118: ANNEX Buenos Aires International In
Page 119 and 120: Refusal to hold consultations, or t
Page 121: confi rmation thirty days after the
Page 125 and 126: space law, UN document A/AC.105/C.2
Page 127 and 128: 104 a potential direct threat to ma
Page 129 and 130: 106 SPACE LAW: MANY PRINCIPLES, NO
Page 131 and 132: 108 of government and corporate sta
Page 133 and 134: 110 growth will be badly hurt if th
Page 135 and 136: 112 and samples of residual materia
Page 137 and 138: 114 outer space beyond the geostati
Page 139 and 140: 116 Virgin Galactic had to obtain t
Page 141 and 142: 118 air and space traffi c in the i
Page 143 and 144: 120 aviation and space weather comm
Page 145 and 146: 122 could play a role in lowering o
Page 147 and 148: 124 In other word, space security i
Page 149 and 150: 126 a second meeting of the informa
Page 151 and 152: 128 ANNEX SPACE DEBRIS MITIGATION G
Page 153 and 154: 130 Guideline 1: Limit debris relea
Page 155 and 156: 132 that survives to reach the surf
Page 157 and 158: FROM SPACE DOMINANCE TO EQUITABLE R
Page 159 and 160: The United States has never conduct
Page 161 and 162: space for any purposes that the Uni
Page 163 and 164: provide adequate reassurance that n
Page 165 and 166: SESSION IV TREATIES AND AGREEMENTS:
Page 167 and 168: 146 such weapons, if deployed in ou
Page 169 and 170: 148 DEFINITIONS AND SCOPE OF A PPWT
Page 171 and 172: 150 preamble—aims of a new treaty
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RUSSIAN-CHINESE SPACE-WEAPONS-BAN P
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this issue would ensure that a trea
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outer space is fundamentally import
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160 it is formed, what power it has
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162 ought to be illegal (or, ought
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164 two specifi c ASAT activities:
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166 CIL has always been an importan
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168 neutral space assets, even if t
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170 Despite that fi stful of treati
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172 in combat. Outer space is, of c
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SESSION V NEXT GENERATION, NEXT STE
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178 the ability to secure borders,
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180 and the Chinese in 2007 have le
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182 LIMITING ORBITAL DEBRIS FORMATI
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184 nations, an essential ingredien
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SPACE SECURITY AND SATELLITE APPLIC
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ROLE OF UNOSAT The initial idea of
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CANADA’S PERSPECTIVE ON SPACE SEC
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The draft treaty on the Prevention
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ACRONYMS ASAT anti-satellite weapon
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