Security in Space The Next Generation - UNIDIR

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CloudSat satellite in order to avoid a possible collision with the Iranian SINAH-1 remote-sensing satellite. CloudSat, launched in April 2006, is an experimental satellite devoted to providing, among other things, new data about the relationship of clouds to storms using advanced radar. SINHA-1 is Iran’s fi rst remote-sensing satellite, launched in October 2005. The manoeuvre reduced the risk of collision. A few days later, NASA moved CloudSat back into its earlier position in order to synchronize its orbit with the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfi nder (CALIPSO) satellite, a joint project between NASA and the French Centre national d’études spatiales. Working together, the two satellites provide “new, never-before-seen 3-D perspectives of how clouds and aerosols form, evolve, and affect weather and climate”. 2 Not only would a collision between the US and Iranian satellites have dealt a signifi cant blow to climate science and Iran’s nascent remotesensing efforts, it would likely have added to the signifi cant political tension between the two countries. The geosynchronous orbit (GSO) that is home to the world’s communications and many weather satellites is also crowded. Commercial communication satellite operators are becoming concerned that in the foreseeable future, when making needed orbital manoeuvres, they will collide either with other working satellites, or even with defunct ones that have remained in GSO. Although these satellite operators know where their satellites are located with considerable precision, they do not necessarily know the positions of other working satellites with suffi cient precision. Over time, as the valuable GSO becomes even more crowded, the risk of collisions will increase. GROWTH OF ORBITAL DEBRIS Orbital debris is an even greater threat to working satellites (see Chart 1). Debris creation is an unavoidable by-product of launching and operating spacecraft in Earth orbit. The process of releasing a spacecraft from the protective shell used during launch leaves a variety of small pieces in orbit. Upper-stage rocket bodies also stay in orbit, and have been known to explode, even after years in outer space. In addition, spacecraft batteries may fail and explode, spreading fragments of the satellite in ever increasing arcs around the initial orbit. Finally, orbital tests that have destroyed satellites by the Soviet Union in the 1970s, the United States in the 1980s 179
180 and the Chinese in 2007 have left thousands of additional pieces of debris in orbit. Chart 1. The yearly growth of objects in Earth orbit Source: National Aeronautic and Space Administration, Orbital Debris Quarterly News, vol. 12, no. 1, p. 12, January 2008. Information on classifi ed satellites is withheld, as are the orbital elements of debris of uncertain provenance. Debris experts estimate that more than 17,000 pieces of debris 10cm in length or greater now speed around Earth in various orbits. The number of untrackable smaller bits is orders of magnitude greater. Yet, even small debris fragments can be highly destructive because the impact velocities between debris and a satellite approach an average of 10km per second. Such hypervelocity impacts can shred a satellite and leave it in bits, adding to the amount of debris in orbit. Starting in the 1990s, the world’s major spacefaring countries developed a series of measures to limit the creation of orbital debris from normal space operations. These measures have reduced, but not eliminated, the creation
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THE SIMONS FOUNDATION SECURE WORLD
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About the cover Cover photograph co
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CONTENTS Foreword .................
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FOREWORD Outer space is an essentia
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS UNIDIR would like
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xii on the editorial board of The B
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xiv Victor VASILIEV Victor Vasiliev
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CONFERENCE SUMMARY The conference
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Another threat that we need to addr
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humanitarian workers to reach the e
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The question was raised as to wheth
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For this reasons, TCBMs and a treat
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cases actors should engage in consu
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Following the presentations by the
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Could stated national policies, if
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the contrary. Rules in space became
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effects of space weather, and of co
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2 space activities, it has become c
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4 in Outer Space, the Threat or Use
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SPACE GENERATION ADVISORY COUNCIL A
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The fi rst issue is space debris. S
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avoid confl ict by prohibiting weap
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14 For its devastating power, the d
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16 papers elaborating our views on
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DOWN TO EARTH: A SOLUTION TO A GLOB
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for life on Mars could have a numbe
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Combining their expertise in mass s
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26 Perhaps the most widespread civi
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28 strengthen disaster preparedness
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30 solutions for human security, pe
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32 and other small particles. There
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NEXT GENERATION SPACE SECURITY CHAL
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This is a summary of all objects in
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Table 2. Worldwide space situationa
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was on par with one another at roug
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challenge to the international comm
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Notes 1 This research has been made
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NO HARMFUL INTERFERENCE WITH SPACE
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and the second Strategic Arms Reduc
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as well as terrestrial capabilities
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The Henry L. Stimson Center, in col
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The critics are right to recall tha
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forums. It could be negotiated by a
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precedent for non-interference with
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TRANSPARENCY AND CONFIDENCE-BUILDIN
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IADC’s terms of reference also pr
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actions. As these groups develop co
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TRANSPARENCY AND CONFIDENCE-BUILDIN
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In addition, strict compliance with
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in considering eventual confi dence
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The above-mentioned measures are no
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Notes 1 General Assembly, Special R
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SAFEGUARDING OUTER SPACE: ON THE RO
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mechanisms under permanent review,
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thereby and which may run counter t
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the discretion of that state—henc
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condition of “common agreement”
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Foundation, and Rebecca Johnson, di
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ANNEX Buenos Aires International In
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Refusal to hold consultations, or t
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confi rmation thirty days after the
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States Parties to the Treaty shall
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space law, UN document A/AC.105/C.2
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104 a potential direct threat to ma
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106 SPACE LAW: MANY PRINCIPLES, NO
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108 of government and corporate sta
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110 growth will be badly hurt if th
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112 and samples of residual materia
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114 outer space beyond the geostati
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116 Virgin Galactic had to obtain t
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118 air and space traffi c in the i
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120 aviation and space weather comm
Page 145 and 146: 122 could play a role in lowering o
Page 147 and 148: 124 In other word, space security i
Page 149 and 150: 126 a second meeting of the informa
Page 151 and 152: 128 ANNEX SPACE DEBRIS MITIGATION G
Page 153 and 154: 130 Guideline 1: Limit debris relea
Page 155 and 156: 132 that survives to reach the surf
Page 157 and 158: FROM SPACE DOMINANCE TO EQUITABLE R
Page 159 and 160: The United States has never conduct
Page 161 and 162: space for any purposes that the Uni
Page 163 and 164: provide adequate reassurance that n
Page 165 and 166: SESSION IV TREATIES AND AGREEMENTS:
Page 167 and 168: 146 such weapons, if deployed in ou
Page 169 and 170: 148 DEFINITIONS AND SCOPE OF A PPWT
Page 171 and 172: 150 preamble—aims of a new treaty
Page 173 and 174: RUSSIAN-CHINESE SPACE-WEAPONS-BAN P
Page 175 and 176: this issue would ensure that a trea
Page 177 and 178: outer space is fundamentally import
Page 179 and 180: 160 it is formed, what power it has
Page 181 and 182: 162 ought to be illegal (or, ought
Page 183 and 184: 164 two specifi c ASAT activities:
Page 185 and 186: 166 CIL has always been an importan
Page 187 and 188: 168 neutral space assets, even if t
Page 189 and 190: 170 Despite that fi stful of treati
Page 191 and 192: 172 in combat. Outer space is, of c
Page 193 and 194: SESSION V NEXT GENERATION, NEXT STE
Page 195: 178 the ability to secure borders,
Page 199 and 200: 182 LIMITING ORBITAL DEBRIS FORMATI
Page 201 and 202: 184 nations, an essential ingredien
Page 203 and 204: SPACE SECURITY AND SATELLITE APPLIC
Page 205 and 206: ROLE OF UNOSAT The initial idea of
Page 207 and 208: CANADA’S PERSPECTIVE ON SPACE SEC
Page 209 and 210: The draft treaty on the Prevention
Page 211: ACRONYMS ASAT anti-satellite weapon
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