Security in Space The Next Generation - UNIDIR

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xxviii the development of hybrid aircraft/spacecraft, but the management of air traffi c relies on orbital space assets. Gérard Brachet, Chairman of the United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, related how for 50 years, space systems have contributed to peace and economic development through their three main areas of application—defence and security, the support of everyday activities, and scientifi c research. But over the next 50 years, our use of space cannot be guaranteed. The reason is simple, and that is the multiplication of actors, both governmental and private. More discipline will be needed in space activities. From the beginning of the space age to the end of 2007, there were 4,457 space launches. Currently there are 660 operational satellites. These account for only 5% of the approximately 12,500 objects being tracked that are 10cm or larger in size. The rest is junk. And between 10cm and 1cm, there are perhaps 300,000 objects, and several million pieces in the millimetre range. The debris situation is thus a real and pressing concern. And, it must be remembered, this situation has resulted without any deployment of space weapons (although ground-based weapons can target space assets, thus posing a serious threat to near-Earth space). Space security is fragile and, in the long term, an open question. The question is what can be done to guarantee long-term, sustainable access? The work by the IADC on debris mitigation was most useful and fed into the guidelines put forth by COPUOS and adopted by the General Assembly. Hopefully this can be a step towards developing a regime addressing the issue. Can COPUOS address the issue of long-term sustainability in a like manner, that being a bottom-up approach based on operational analysis? It is hoped so, and working groups have been organized to this end, bringing together spacefaring nations and commercial operators. Hopefully outputs from these groups can be incorporated into the COPUOS agenda, and be put forward as best practice guidelines. Working to preserve the long-term, sustainable use of space is an issue that must be engaged now. The benefi ts of doing so will be shared by all stakeholders. Because all space operators must share the same environment, it is imperative that a common approach to sustainable use be found.
Following the presentations by the panellists, the ensuing discussion focused broadly on two issues: space debris; and space activities and actors. At this very moment there is no practical, economical way to clean up debris in space. There are guidelines requiring that low Earth orbit satellites should re-enter the atmosphere naturally within 25 years, and that satellites in geostationary orbits should be decommissioned in a graveyard orbit after their useful lives. Compliance with these guidelines is encouraging and increasing, and it is good to see that voluntary rules are having an impact on actual behaviour. Nevertheless, a parked satellite is still clutter, so efforts and resources must be expended to develop economical methods for cleaning orbital debris. Widespread frustration with the lack of progress to regulate activities in space was strongly evident within the discussion. Hope was expressed that changes in political approaches over the coming years could overcome such obstacles and negotiations could begin in the CD. It was also noted that spacefaring nations are not the only actors involved in discussions on regulations and ways forward. Many states, while not technically spacefaring, do operate or have involvement in the operation of space assets. Representatives from such states are prominent in the bodies negotiating space issues. SESSION IV TREATIES AND AGREEMENTS: THE NEW GENERATION Victor Vasiliev of the Russian Mission to the Conference on Disarmament discussed how a treaty prohibiting the placement of weapons in space is essential. The weaponization of that environment could bring about grave and unexpected challenges, as did the development of nuclear weapons. For this reason, Russia and China have put forth the draft PPWT. The rationale behind this initiative is that modern space law does not prohibit the placement of weapons in space, unless they are weapons of mass destruction. However, given the global reach that space weapons would have, as well as the high possibility of their use, the placement of such weapons—or even the threat of their use—would generate fear and xxix
Page 1 and 2: THE SIMONS FOUNDATION SECURE WORLD
Page 3 and 4: About the cover Cover photograph co
Page 5 and 6: CONTENTS Foreword .................
Page 7 and 8: FOREWORD Outer space is an essentia
Page 9 and 10: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS UNIDIR would like
Page 11 and 12: xii on the editorial board of The B
Page 13 and 14: xiv Victor VASILIEV Victor Vasiliev
Page 15 and 16: CONFERENCE SUMMARY The conference
Page 17 and 18: Another threat that we need to addr
Page 19 and 20: humanitarian workers to reach the e
Page 21 and 22: The question was raised as to wheth
Page 23 and 24: For this reasons, TCBMs and a treat
Page 25: cases actors should engage in consu
Page 29 and 30: Could stated national policies, if
Page 31 and 32: the contrary. Rules in space became
Page 33 and 34: effects of space weather, and of co
Page 35 and 36: 2 space activities, it has become c
Page 37 and 38: 4 in Outer Space, the Threat or Use
Page 39 and 40: SPACE GENERATION ADVISORY COUNCIL A
Page 41 and 42: The fi rst issue is space debris. S
Page 43 and 44: avoid confl ict by prohibiting weap
Page 45 and 46: 14 For its devastating power, the d
Page 47 and 48: 16 papers elaborating our views on
Page 49 and 50: DOWN TO EARTH: A SOLUTION TO A GLOB
Page 51 and 52: for life on Mars could have a numbe
Page 53 and 54: Combining their expertise in mass s
Page 55 and 56: 26 Perhaps the most widespread civi
Page 57 and 58: 28 strengthen disaster preparedness
Page 59 and 60: 30 solutions for human security, pe
Page 61 and 62: 32 and other small particles. There
Page 63 and 64: NEXT GENERATION SPACE SECURITY CHAL
Page 65 and 66: This is a summary of all objects in
Page 67 and 68: Table 2. Worldwide space situationa
Page 69 and 70: was on par with one another at roug
Page 71 and 72: challenge to the international comm
Page 73 and 74: Notes 1 This research has been made
Page 75 and 76: NO HARMFUL INTERFERENCE WITH SPACE
Page 77 and 78:
and the second Strategic Arms Reduc
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as well as terrestrial capabilities
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The Henry L. Stimson Center, in col
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The critics are right to recall tha
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forums. It could be negotiated by a
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precedent for non-interference with
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TRANSPARENCY AND CONFIDENCE-BUILDIN
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IADC’s terms of reference also pr
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actions. As these groups develop co
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TRANSPARENCY AND CONFIDENCE-BUILDIN
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In addition, strict compliance with
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in considering eventual confi dence
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The above-mentioned measures are no
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Notes 1 General Assembly, Special R
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SAFEGUARDING OUTER SPACE: ON THE RO
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mechanisms under permanent review,
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thereby and which may run counter t
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the discretion of that state—henc
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condition of “common agreement”
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Foundation, and Rebecca Johnson, di
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ANNEX Buenos Aires International In
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Refusal to hold consultations, or t
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confi rmation thirty days after the
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States Parties to the Treaty shall
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space law, UN document A/AC.105/C.2
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104 a potential direct threat to ma
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106 SPACE LAW: MANY PRINCIPLES, NO
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108 of government and corporate sta
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110 growth will be badly hurt if th
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112 and samples of residual materia
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114 outer space beyond the geostati
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116 Virgin Galactic had to obtain t
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118 air and space traffi c in the i
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120 aviation and space weather comm
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122 could play a role in lowering o
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124 In other word, space security i
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126 a second meeting of the informa
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128 ANNEX SPACE DEBRIS MITIGATION G
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130 Guideline 1: Limit debris relea
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132 that survives to reach the surf
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FROM SPACE DOMINANCE TO EQUITABLE R
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The United States has never conduct
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space for any purposes that the Uni
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provide adequate reassurance that n
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SESSION IV TREATIES AND AGREEMENTS:
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146 such weapons, if deployed in ou
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148 DEFINITIONS AND SCOPE OF A PPWT
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150 preamble—aims of a new treaty
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RUSSIAN-CHINESE SPACE-WEAPONS-BAN P
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this issue would ensure that a trea
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outer space is fundamentally import
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160 it is formed, what power it has
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162 ought to be illegal (or, ought
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164 two specifi c ASAT activities:
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166 CIL has always been an importan
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168 neutral space assets, even if t
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170 Despite that fi stful of treati
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172 in combat. Outer space is, of c
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SESSION V NEXT GENERATION, NEXT STE
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178 the ability to secure borders,
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180 and the Chinese in 2007 have le
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182 LIMITING ORBITAL DEBRIS FORMATI
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184 nations, an essential ingredien
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SPACE SECURITY AND SATELLITE APPLIC
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ROLE OF UNOSAT The initial idea of
Page 207 and 208:
CANADA’S PERSPECTIVE ON SPACE SEC
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The draft treaty on the Prevention
Page 211:
ACRONYMS ASAT anti-satellite weapon
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