Security in Space The Next Generation - UNIDIR

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xxxiv The CD is the pre-eminent body dealing with disarmament issues, and among these the issue of PAROS. But the CD has been deadlocked for years. Nevertheless, forward movement is possible, for example in pursuing discussions on the draft PPWT. Likewise, we need to address the fact that many of the technologies used to access the benefi ts of space fall into the category of “dual-use”. This affords the opportunity for COPUOS and its subcommittees to play a central role in responding to the challenges and opportunities posed by the international community’s increased reliance on outer space. But at the same time we must move beyond the increasingly misleading distinction between what is a peaceful use and what is not. Moreover, we need to broaden our concept of space security, not only addressing military concerns, but civilian and commercial as well. As we move forward in our efforts to preserve the secure and sustainable access to space, it is critical that we do not overlook the awareness-raising that will contribute to creating a better understanding among our fellow citizens. Space applications (such as communications and Earth observation) are greatly affected by space security, as noted by Francesco Pisano and Einar Bjorgo of the United Nations Institute for Training and Research. As the number of space actors grows, this raises challenges for space security. This is problematic, as greater security means greater accessibility and potential for space applications. From the perspective of the United Nations, space security is not simply a goal in itself. The application of space technologies has much promise for helping the United Nations to achieve its broader goals. From monitoring and managing crisis situations, to responding to changes in climate, to providing maps and aiding logistics to operators in the fi eld, the United Nations has become a user and a provider of the benefi ts of space applications. To maintain this ability, the United Nations must be user-driven in its pursuit of these technologies and, more than that, must always be guided by the needs of the benefi ciaries of these technologies—all the people of the world. The work in which the United Nations utilizes or makes available these capabilities is of such importance that it should look toward developing an independent capacity. Space security must be confronted head on, for a threat to that environment is a threat to the United Nations’ primary goals. Ray Williamson of the Secure World Foundation stated that today we face many space security challenges, including orbital crowding, debris,
effects of space weather, and of course the possible use of space weapons. The challenges must not be underestimated. For example, assets in a Sun synchronous orbit bunch together in the polar segment of the orbit. In July 2007, a US–Canadian satellite in such a situation had to be moved from its standard orbit to avoid a possible collision with an Iranian satellite. This reinforces the growing recognition of the need for international, cooperative approaches to traffi c management and space situational awareness. This is a question of resources, and they must be provided for this. Then there is the ultimate issue of the development and use of space weapons. Military solutions to this issue are pursued, such as active and passive defences. However, we must not forget that there are diplomatic solutions as well. Instead of continuing discussions about the best approach to these security issues, we must move beyond and apply a broad range of activities in seeking solutions. The session concluded with a brief assessment of the next generation of steps that must be taken to preserve and protect space activities. Many proposals have been made, and much understanding has been gained, but there seems to be resistance in moving forward in a concrete fashion. There will be many opportunities in the coming years to make these concrete steps, and we must be prepared to take them. xxxv
Page 1 and 2: THE SIMONS FOUNDATION SECURE WORLD
Page 3 and 4: About the cover Cover photograph co
Page 5 and 6: CONTENTS Foreword .................
Page 7 and 8: FOREWORD Outer space is an essentia
Page 9 and 10: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS UNIDIR would like
Page 11 and 12: xii on the editorial board of The B
Page 13 and 14: xiv Victor VASILIEV Victor Vasiliev
Page 15 and 16: CONFERENCE SUMMARY The conference
Page 17 and 18: Another threat that we need to addr
Page 19 and 20: humanitarian workers to reach the e
Page 21 and 22: The question was raised as to wheth
Page 23 and 24: For this reasons, TCBMs and a treat
Page 25 and 26: cases actors should engage in consu
Page 27 and 28: Following the presentations by the
Page 29 and 30: Could stated national policies, if
Page 31: the contrary. Rules in space became
Page 35 and 36: 2 space activities, it has become c
Page 37 and 38: 4 in Outer Space, the Threat or Use
Page 39 and 40: SPACE GENERATION ADVISORY COUNCIL A
Page 41 and 42: The fi rst issue is space debris. S
Page 43 and 44: avoid confl ict by prohibiting weap
Page 45 and 46: 14 For its devastating power, the d
Page 47 and 48: 16 papers elaborating our views on
Page 49 and 50: DOWN TO EARTH: A SOLUTION TO A GLOB
Page 51 and 52: for life on Mars could have a numbe
Page 53 and 54: Combining their expertise in mass s
Page 55 and 56: 26 Perhaps the most widespread civi
Page 57 and 58: 28 strengthen disaster preparedness
Page 59 and 60: 30 solutions for human security, pe
Page 61 and 62: 32 and other small particles. There
Page 63 and 64: NEXT GENERATION SPACE SECURITY CHAL
Page 65 and 66: This is a summary of all objects in
Page 67 and 68: Table 2. Worldwide space situationa
Page 69 and 70: was on par with one another at roug
Page 71 and 72: challenge to the international comm
Page 73 and 74: Notes 1 This research has been made
Page 75 and 76: NO HARMFUL INTERFERENCE WITH SPACE
Page 77 and 78: and the second Strategic Arms Reduc
Page 79 and 80: as well as terrestrial capabilities
Page 81 and 82: The Henry L. Stimson Center, in col
Page 83 and 84:
The critics are right to recall tha
Page 85 and 86:
forums. It could be negotiated by a
Page 87 and 88:
precedent for non-interference with
Page 89 and 90:
TRANSPARENCY AND CONFIDENCE-BUILDIN
Page 91 and 92:
IADC’s terms of reference also pr
Page 93 and 94:
actions. As these groups develop co
Page 95 and 96:
TRANSPARENCY AND CONFIDENCE-BUILDIN
Page 97 and 98:
In addition, strict compliance with
Page 99 and 100:
in considering eventual confi dence
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The above-mentioned measures are no
Page 103 and 104:
Notes 1 General Assembly, Special R
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SAFEGUARDING OUTER SPACE: ON THE RO
Page 107 and 108:
mechanisms under permanent review,
Page 109 and 110:
thereby and which may run counter t
Page 111 and 112:
the discretion of that state—henc
Page 113 and 114:
condition of “common agreement”
Page 115 and 116:
Foundation, and Rebecca Johnson, di
Page 117 and 118:
ANNEX Buenos Aires International In
Page 119 and 120:
Refusal to hold consultations, or t
Page 121 and 122:
confi rmation thirty days after the
Page 123 and 124:
States Parties to the Treaty shall
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space law, UN document A/AC.105/C.2
Page 127 and 128:
104 a potential direct threat to ma
Page 129 and 130:
106 SPACE LAW: MANY PRINCIPLES, NO
Page 131 and 132:
108 of government and corporate sta
Page 133 and 134:
110 growth will be badly hurt if th
Page 135 and 136:
112 and samples of residual materia
Page 137 and 138:
114 outer space beyond the geostati
Page 139 and 140:
116 Virgin Galactic had to obtain t
Page 141 and 142:
118 air and space traffi c in the i
Page 143 and 144:
120 aviation and space weather comm
Page 145 and 146:
122 could play a role in lowering o
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124 In other word, space security i
Page 149 and 150:
126 a second meeting of the informa
Page 151 and 152:
128 ANNEX SPACE DEBRIS MITIGATION G
Page 153 and 154:
130 Guideline 1: Limit debris relea
Page 155 and 156:
132 that survives to reach the surf
Page 157 and 158:
FROM SPACE DOMINANCE TO EQUITABLE R
Page 159 and 160:
The United States has never conduct
Page 161 and 162:
space for any purposes that the Uni
Page 163 and 164:
provide adequate reassurance that n
Page 165 and 166:
SESSION IV TREATIES AND AGREEMENTS:
Page 167 and 168:
146 such weapons, if deployed in ou
Page 169 and 170:
148 DEFINITIONS AND SCOPE OF A PPWT
Page 171 and 172:
150 preamble—aims of a new treaty
Page 173 and 174:
RUSSIAN-CHINESE SPACE-WEAPONS-BAN P
Page 175 and 176:
this issue would ensure that a trea
Page 177 and 178:
outer space is fundamentally import
Page 179 and 180:
160 it is formed, what power it has
Page 181 and 182:
162 ought to be illegal (or, ought
Page 183 and 184:
164 two specifi c ASAT activities:
Page 185 and 186:
166 CIL has always been an importan
Page 187 and 188:
168 neutral space assets, even if t
Page 189 and 190:
170 Despite that fi stful of treati
Page 191 and 192:
172 in combat. Outer space is, of c
Page 193 and 194:
SESSION V NEXT GENERATION, NEXT STE
Page 195 and 196:
178 the ability to secure borders,
Page 197 and 198:
180 and the Chinese in 2007 have le
Page 199 and 200:
182 LIMITING ORBITAL DEBRIS FORMATI
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184 nations, an essential ingredien
Page 203 and 204:
SPACE SECURITY AND SATELLITE APPLIC
Page 205 and 206:
ROLE OF UNOSAT The initial idea of
Page 207 and 208:
CANADA’S PERSPECTIVE ON SPACE SEC
Page 209 and 210:
The draft treaty on the Prevention
Page 211:
ACRONYMS ASAT anti-satellite weapon
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