Security in Space The Next Generation - UNIDIR

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10 private and commercial sector for the peaceful uses of outer space for all humanity, such as the Google Lunar X Prize, which offers up to $30 million to the fi rst team that can land a privately built rover on the Moon before the end of 2014 and send back high-resolution video. Initiatives like this will eventually lead to a larger number of non-state space actors. Resulting from that, even if the technology was invented in a peaceful environment for peaceful purposes, it cannot be ruled out, and it appears rather likely, that certain issues related to security might arise in an environment that is not suffi ciently legally covered, and thus should be dealt with in time. This, as an example for other new advances, was not perceived 40 years ago when the fi rst space treaties were drafted, and needs to be addressed in a civilized manner within international space law to ensure sustainable access to and utilization of outer space and its resources for all humanity. The fi nal key point is confl ict avoidance. Space weapons and aggressive acts, such as anti-satellite activities, should be prohibited. Of special concern are space weapons generally, due to their negative infl uence on the space security situation, and kinetic anti-satellite weapons especially, as their use creates large amounts of debris. As mentioned earlier, space debris is a serious concern as it might prohibit future generations from accessing and utilizing outer space in a sustainable manner. Kinetic space weapons are threatening everything our generation wants to do in the space environment. The recent tests conducted within the last 15 months triggered an intense reaction among the young generation who remain very concerned about these developments. They even lead to the establishment of a working group by concerned youth and the subject continues to be discussed and carefully analysed. The results of their fi ndings will be presented at a later opportunity. Summarizing, these are very common issues, as you can see by the presentation titles of my fellow speakers today and tomorrow. Deriving from the above-mentioned points, SGAC recommends the following: create a treaty through COPUOS to make space debris mitigation legally binding and increase the resolution of surveillance capabilities and encourage the sharing of relevant data; initiate a working group on space traffi c management as well as address a framework for rules of the road, possibly through an Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee Working Group and then further to COPUOS;
avoid confl ict by prohibiting weapons and aggressive acts in outer space; and address several open issues regarding space governance (for example, lunar governance and property rights). These issues should be addressed as soon as possible as we cannot afford to wait much longer as reality will progress beyond the current laws. This would make it diffi cult to address the issues then. SGAC is already very involved with these issues as they infl uence our ability to access and utilize outer space. We have internal working groups on space debris, anti-satellite weapons and space traffi c management. Further, SGAC was a partner for the Space Security Index and also, while not being directly involved, helped initiate the International Space University’s Space Traffi c Management activities. We are willing and able to discuss and contribute further to the open issues at hand related to space security and we would be interested and glad in providing our advice. Note 1 Space Generation Advisory Council, Declaration of the Space Generation, . 11
Page 1 and 2: THE SIMONS FOUNDATION SECURE WORLD
Page 3 and 4: About the cover Cover photograph co
Page 5 and 6: CONTENTS Foreword .................
Page 7 and 8: FOREWORD Outer space is an essentia
Page 9 and 10: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS UNIDIR would like
Page 11 and 12: xii on the editorial board of The B
Page 13 and 14: xiv Victor VASILIEV Victor Vasiliev
Page 15 and 16: CONFERENCE SUMMARY The conference
Page 17 and 18: Another threat that we need to addr
Page 19 and 20: humanitarian workers to reach the e
Page 21 and 22: The question was raised as to wheth
Page 23 and 24: For this reasons, TCBMs and a treat
Page 25 and 26: cases actors should engage in consu
Page 27 and 28: Following the presentations by the
Page 29 and 30: Could stated national policies, if
Page 31 and 32: the contrary. Rules in space became
Page 33 and 34: effects of space weather, and of co
Page 35 and 36: 2 space activities, it has become c
Page 37 and 38: 4 in Outer Space, the Threat or Use
Page 39 and 40: SPACE GENERATION ADVISORY COUNCIL A
Page 41: The fi rst issue is space debris. S
Page 45 and 46: 14 For its devastating power, the d
Page 47 and 48: 16 papers elaborating our views on
Page 49 and 50: DOWN TO EARTH: A SOLUTION TO A GLOB
Page 51 and 52: for life on Mars could have a numbe
Page 53 and 54: Combining their expertise in mass s
Page 55 and 56: 26 Perhaps the most widespread civi
Page 57 and 58: 28 strengthen disaster preparedness
Page 59 and 60: 30 solutions for human security, pe
Page 61 and 62: 32 and other small particles. There
Page 63 and 64: NEXT GENERATION SPACE SECURITY CHAL
Page 65 and 66: This is a summary of all objects in
Page 67 and 68: Table 2. Worldwide space situationa
Page 69 and 70: was on par with one another at roug
Page 71 and 72: challenge to the international comm
Page 73 and 74: Notes 1 This research has been made
Page 75 and 76: NO HARMFUL INTERFERENCE WITH SPACE
Page 77 and 78: and the second Strategic Arms Reduc
Page 79 and 80: as well as terrestrial capabilities
Page 81 and 82: The Henry L. Stimson Center, in col
Page 83 and 84: The critics are right to recall tha
Page 85 and 86: forums. It could be negotiated by a
Page 87 and 88: precedent for non-interference with
Page 89 and 90: TRANSPARENCY AND CONFIDENCE-BUILDIN
Page 91 and 92: IADC’s terms of reference also pr
Page 93 and 94:
actions. As these groups develop co
Page 95 and 96:
TRANSPARENCY AND CONFIDENCE-BUILDIN
Page 97 and 98:
In addition, strict compliance with
Page 99 and 100:
in considering eventual confi dence
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The above-mentioned measures are no
Page 103 and 104:
Notes 1 General Assembly, Special R
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SAFEGUARDING OUTER SPACE: ON THE RO
Page 107 and 108:
mechanisms under permanent review,
Page 109 and 110:
thereby and which may run counter t
Page 111 and 112:
the discretion of that state—henc
Page 113 and 114:
condition of “common agreement”
Page 115 and 116:
Foundation, and Rebecca Johnson, di
Page 117 and 118:
ANNEX Buenos Aires International In
Page 119 and 120:
Refusal to hold consultations, or t
Page 121 and 122:
confi rmation thirty days after the
Page 123 and 124:
States Parties to the Treaty shall
Page 125 and 126:
space law, UN document A/AC.105/C.2
Page 127 and 128:
104 a potential direct threat to ma
Page 129 and 130:
106 SPACE LAW: MANY PRINCIPLES, NO
Page 131 and 132:
108 of government and corporate sta
Page 133 and 134:
110 growth will be badly hurt if th
Page 135 and 136:
112 and samples of residual materia
Page 137 and 138:
114 outer space beyond the geostati
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116 Virgin Galactic had to obtain t
Page 141 and 142:
118 air and space traffi c in the i
Page 143 and 144:
120 aviation and space weather comm
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122 could play a role in lowering o
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124 In other word, space security i
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126 a second meeting of the informa
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128 ANNEX SPACE DEBRIS MITIGATION G
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130 Guideline 1: Limit debris relea
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132 that survives to reach the surf
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FROM SPACE DOMINANCE TO EQUITABLE R
Page 159 and 160:
The United States has never conduct
Page 161 and 162:
space for any purposes that the Uni
Page 163 and 164:
provide adequate reassurance that n
Page 165 and 166:
SESSION IV TREATIES AND AGREEMENTS:
Page 167 and 168:
146 such weapons, if deployed in ou
Page 169 and 170:
148 DEFINITIONS AND SCOPE OF A PPWT
Page 171 and 172:
150 preamble—aims of a new treaty
Page 173 and 174:
RUSSIAN-CHINESE SPACE-WEAPONS-BAN P
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this issue would ensure that a trea
Page 177 and 178:
outer space is fundamentally import
Page 179 and 180:
160 it is formed, what power it has
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162 ought to be illegal (or, ought
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164 two specifi c ASAT activities:
Page 185 and 186:
166 CIL has always been an importan
Page 187 and 188:
168 neutral space assets, even if t
Page 189 and 190:
170 Despite that fi stful of treati
Page 191 and 192:
172 in combat. Outer space is, of c
Page 193 and 194:
SESSION V NEXT GENERATION, NEXT STE
Page 195 and 196:
178 the ability to secure borders,
Page 197 and 198:
180 and the Chinese in 2007 have le
Page 199 and 200:
182 LIMITING ORBITAL DEBRIS FORMATI
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184 nations, an essential ingredien
Page 203 and 204:
SPACE SECURITY AND SATELLITE APPLIC
Page 205 and 206:
ROLE OF UNOSAT The initial idea of
Page 207 and 208:
CANADA’S PERSPECTIVE ON SPACE SEC
Page 209 and 210:
The draft treaty on the Prevention
Page 211:
ACRONYMS ASAT anti-satellite weapon
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