Security in Space The Next Generation - UNIDIR

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on classifi ed satellites is withheld, as are the orbital elements of debris of uncertain provenance). Commercial entities and non-US national agencies can request and receive guidance from the US Air Force in planning needed for spacecraft manoeuvres. However, satellite operators complain that the US Air Force is often slow to respond to requests. That is understandable, given the demands of maintaining SSA against ever increasing amounts of debris and satellites. The US Air Force budgets for maintaining such a capability have generally not kept up with the need for personnel and information tools. Further, other countries do not want to depend on the United States for such critical information. As a result, several countries, including China, France, Germany and Russia are now developing or strengthening their own SSA capabilities. Because the US military advantage in maintaining a closed catalogue is therefore declining, it would be in the interest of the United States to lead the way in a cooperative programme for SSA, fi rst with close allies, and then broadening to other space-capable nations as experience is gained. This could be an important fi rst step in developing an international space traffi c management system for outer space, a system that would provide much greater safety and security for the many Earth observation satellites in the increasingly crowded sun-synchronous polar orbits. THE ROLE OF INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION IN ADVANCING THE SUSTAINABILITY OF SPACE ACTIVITIES Improving the sustainability of space activities requires the countries using the space environment to cooperate on the development of technical standards, legal instruments and practices that will improve as far as possible the continued ability to conduct benefi cial space activities and prevent the placement of weapons in space. Cooperation can take many forms, ranging from bilateral cooperation on specifi c projects to broad sharing of plans and coordination of research and applications projects. Examples include the Global Earth Observation System of Systems, the Committee on Earth Observation Satellites, and the IADC. Each of these cooperative mechanisms makes possible the sharing of technical standards and plans and fosters greater transparency among 183
184 nations, an essential ingredient in reducing tensions and promoting peaceful solutions. CONCLUSION We at the Secure World Foundation are convinced that ensuring the longterm sustainability of outer space activities is most effectively achieved through a bottom-up approach focused on vigorous efforts to reduce the further generation of orbital debris, development of a code of conduct for outer space (leading eventually to a space traffi c management regime), and agreements to ban anti-satellite weapon development and tests. For example, the Secure World Foundation has begun a major project focused on exploring the technical, political and economic issues of an international space traffi c management scheme or system. There are many possible models for such a system, ranging from one modelled on air traffi c control to a system of systems, where each spacefaring state agrees to provide data of suffi cient accuracy and precision to an internationally endorsed entity that then provides space agencies and commercial spacecraft operators with operational orbital guidance for manoeuvres and collision avoidance. Whatever scheme is put into place must be technically and legally sound and politically acceptable. In order to pursue this thrust and its many other activities, the Secure World Foundation maintains partnerships with a variety of organizations focused on the development of technical, legal and political means to ensure the long-term sustainability of outer space activities. Any new venture can be dangerous and has risks. The out-of-control satellite that the United States destroyed in 2008 is an example of the many risks we face in the future use of outer space. The odds of dying in a car accident are far greater than being hit by a falling satellite, and yet we continue the use of the automobile. Societies throughout the world have developed rules and regulations to mitigate some of the dangers of the automobile (speed limits, drivers licenses, standards for production, stop signs, seat belt regulations) as well as consequences for violations (speeding tickets, jail, fi nes). We do not yet have related “rules of the road” for outer space. When a satellite fails, what is the proper procedure to mitigate possible danger to the population, who makes that decision and how can disagreements
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THE SIMONS FOUNDATION SECURE WORLD
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About the cover Cover photograph co
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CONTENTS Foreword .................
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FOREWORD Outer space is an essentia
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS UNIDIR would like
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xii on the editorial board of The B
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xiv Victor VASILIEV Victor Vasiliev
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CONFERENCE SUMMARY The conference
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Another threat that we need to addr
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humanitarian workers to reach the e
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The question was raised as to wheth
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For this reasons, TCBMs and a treat
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cases actors should engage in consu
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Following the presentations by the
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Could stated national policies, if
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the contrary. Rules in space became
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effects of space weather, and of co
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2 space activities, it has become c
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4 in Outer Space, the Threat or Use
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SPACE GENERATION ADVISORY COUNCIL A
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The fi rst issue is space debris. S
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avoid confl ict by prohibiting weap
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14 For its devastating power, the d
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16 papers elaborating our views on
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DOWN TO EARTH: A SOLUTION TO A GLOB
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for life on Mars could have a numbe
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Combining their expertise in mass s
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26 Perhaps the most widespread civi
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28 strengthen disaster preparedness
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30 solutions for human security, pe
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32 and other small particles. There
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NEXT GENERATION SPACE SECURITY CHAL
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This is a summary of all objects in
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Table 2. Worldwide space situationa
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was on par with one another at roug
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challenge to the international comm
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Notes 1 This research has been made
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NO HARMFUL INTERFERENCE WITH SPACE
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and the second Strategic Arms Reduc
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as well as terrestrial capabilities
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The Henry L. Stimson Center, in col
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The critics are right to recall tha
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forums. It could be negotiated by a
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precedent for non-interference with
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TRANSPARENCY AND CONFIDENCE-BUILDIN
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IADC’s terms of reference also pr
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actions. As these groups develop co
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TRANSPARENCY AND CONFIDENCE-BUILDIN
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In addition, strict compliance with
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in considering eventual confi dence
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The above-mentioned measures are no
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Notes 1 General Assembly, Special R
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SAFEGUARDING OUTER SPACE: ON THE RO
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mechanisms under permanent review,
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thereby and which may run counter t
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the discretion of that state—henc
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condition of “common agreement”
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Foundation, and Rebecca Johnson, di
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ANNEX Buenos Aires International In
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Refusal to hold consultations, or t
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confi rmation thirty days after the
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States Parties to the Treaty shall
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space law, UN document A/AC.105/C.2
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104 a potential direct threat to ma
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106 SPACE LAW: MANY PRINCIPLES, NO
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108 of government and corporate sta
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110 growth will be badly hurt if th
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112 and samples of residual materia
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114 outer space beyond the geostati
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116 Virgin Galactic had to obtain t
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118 air and space traffi c in the i
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120 aviation and space weather comm
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122 could play a role in lowering o
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124 In other word, space security i
Page 149 and 150: 126 a second meeting of the informa
Page 151 and 152: 128 ANNEX SPACE DEBRIS MITIGATION G
Page 153 and 154: 130 Guideline 1: Limit debris relea
Page 155 and 156: 132 that survives to reach the surf
Page 157 and 158: FROM SPACE DOMINANCE TO EQUITABLE R
Page 159 and 160: The United States has never conduct
Page 161 and 162: space for any purposes that the Uni
Page 163 and 164: provide adequate reassurance that n
Page 165 and 166: SESSION IV TREATIES AND AGREEMENTS:
Page 167 and 168: 146 such weapons, if deployed in ou
Page 169 and 170: 148 DEFINITIONS AND SCOPE OF A PPWT
Page 171 and 172: 150 preamble—aims of a new treaty
Page 173 and 174: RUSSIAN-CHINESE SPACE-WEAPONS-BAN P
Page 175 and 176: this issue would ensure that a trea
Page 177 and 178: outer space is fundamentally import
Page 179 and 180: 160 it is formed, what power it has
Page 181 and 182: 162 ought to be illegal (or, ought
Page 183 and 184: 164 two specifi c ASAT activities:
Page 185 and 186: 166 CIL has always been an importan
Page 187 and 188: 168 neutral space assets, even if t
Page 189 and 190: 170 Despite that fi stful of treati
Page 191 and 192: 172 in combat. Outer space is, of c
Page 193 and 194: SESSION V NEXT GENERATION, NEXT STE
Page 195 and 196: 178 the ability to secure borders,
Page 197 and 198: 180 and the Chinese in 2007 have le
Page 199: 182 LIMITING ORBITAL DEBRIS FORMATI
Page 203 and 204: SPACE SECURITY AND SATELLITE APPLIC
Page 205 and 206: ROLE OF UNOSAT The initial idea of
Page 207 and 208: CANADA’S PERSPECTIVE ON SPACE SEC
Page 209 and 210: The draft treaty on the Prevention
Page 211: ACRONYMS ASAT anti-satellite weapon
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