Security in Space The Next Generation - UNIDIR

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vi Session III From confrontation to cooperation Safeguarding outer space: on the road to debris mitigation Maureen Williams .................................................................. 81 An International Civil Aviation Organization for outer space? Tommaso Sgobba ................................................................... 103 Long-term sustainability of space activities Gérard Brachet ....................................................................... 121 From space dominance to equitable rules and mutual restraint Nancy Gallagher ..................................................................... 135 Session IV Treaties and agreements: the new generation The draft Treaty on the Prevention of the Placement of Weapons in Outer Space, the Threat or use of Force against Outer Space Objects Victor Vasiliev ......................................................................... 145 Russian–Chinese space-weapons-ban proposal: a critique Theresa Hitchens .................................................................... 153 International legal standards and the weaponization of outer space David Koplow ......................................................................... 159 Session V Next generation, next steps Achieving a sustainable space environment Ray Williamson and Cynda Collins Arsenault .......................... 177 Space security and satellite applications in humanitarian aid Francesco Pisano and Einar Bjorgo .......................................... 187 Canada’s perspective on space security Pearl Williams ......................................................................... 191 Acronyms ....................................................................................... 195
FOREWORD Outer space is an essential resource for all of us, whether we come from developed or developing nations, and must be kept free from attack for the whole of humankind. Imagine now a world without satellite communications, without mobile phone networks, weather forecasting and environmental imaging and you are imagining a world that has not prevented a war in outer space. With this in mind, as part of the efforts of the Conference on Disarmament to discuss the prevention of an arms race in outer space, UNIDIR has been holding annual meetings to discuss space security. The conference “Security in Space: The Next Generation” is the seventh such conference and these are the proceedings from that day and a half of intensive discussion with experts from all over the world on this urgent security issue. UNIDIR’s conferences since 2002 have each in turn had a different emphasis: connecting outer space and global security, detailing the nexus between security and the peaceful uses of outer space, preventing an arms race in outer space, building the architecture for sustainable space security, celebrating the Outer Space Treaty, and exploring cooperative approaches to space security. The 2008 conference took a prospective approach, giving a voice to the new generation of scientists and political analysts looking at the issue of space security. Building on the theme of the “Next Generation”, we also discussed the new technologies for space weaponization and for the prevention of weaponization, and the prospects of legal and other instruments that could be developed to increase security in outer space. In particular, participants discussed the draft Treaty on the Prevention of the Placement of Weapons in Outer Space, the Threat or Use of Force against Outer Space Objects, newly tabled in February 2008 by China and Russia. Participants also looked at ways to build trust in space activities in the future, as well as thinking on how to move from confrontation to cooperation as a way to increase space security and improve access to outer space for peaceful activities. Confi dence-building measures, solving technical issues such as debris, enhanced cooperation for peaceful uses and international legally vii
Page 1 and 2: THE SIMONS FOUNDATION SECURE WORLD
Page 3 and 4: About the cover Cover photograph co
Page 5: CONTENTS Foreword .................
Page 9 and 10: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS UNIDIR would like
Page 11 and 12: xii on the editorial board of The B
Page 13 and 14: xiv Victor VASILIEV Victor Vasiliev
Page 15 and 16: CONFERENCE SUMMARY The conference
Page 17 and 18: Another threat that we need to addr
Page 19 and 20: humanitarian workers to reach the e
Page 21 and 22: The question was raised as to wheth
Page 23 and 24: For this reasons, TCBMs and a treat
Page 25 and 26: cases actors should engage in consu
Page 27 and 28: Following the presentations by the
Page 29 and 30: Could stated national policies, if
Page 31 and 32: the contrary. Rules in space became
Page 33 and 34: effects of space weather, and of co
Page 35 and 36: 2 space activities, it has become c
Page 37 and 38: 4 in Outer Space, the Threat or Use
Page 39 and 40: SPACE GENERATION ADVISORY COUNCIL A
Page 41 and 42: The fi rst issue is space debris. S
Page 43 and 44: avoid confl ict by prohibiting weap
Page 45 and 46: 14 For its devastating power, the d
Page 47 and 48: 16 papers elaborating our views on
Page 49 and 50: DOWN TO EARTH: A SOLUTION TO A GLOB
Page 51 and 52: for life on Mars could have a numbe
Page 53 and 54: Combining their expertise in mass s
Page 55 and 56: 26 Perhaps the most widespread civi
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28 strengthen disaster preparedness
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30 solutions for human security, pe
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32 and other small particles. There
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NEXT GENERATION SPACE SECURITY CHAL
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This is a summary of all objects in
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Table 2. Worldwide space situationa
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was on par with one another at roug
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challenge to the international comm
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Notes 1 This research has been made
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NO HARMFUL INTERFERENCE WITH SPACE
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and the second Strategic Arms Reduc
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as well as terrestrial capabilities
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The Henry L. Stimson Center, in col
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The critics are right to recall tha
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forums. It could be negotiated by a
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precedent for non-interference with
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TRANSPARENCY AND CONFIDENCE-BUILDIN
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IADC’s terms of reference also pr
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actions. As these groups develop co
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TRANSPARENCY AND CONFIDENCE-BUILDIN
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In addition, strict compliance with
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in considering eventual confi dence
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The above-mentioned measures are no
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Notes 1 General Assembly, Special R
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SAFEGUARDING OUTER SPACE: ON THE RO
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mechanisms under permanent review,
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thereby and which may run counter t
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the discretion of that state—henc
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condition of “common agreement”
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Foundation, and Rebecca Johnson, di
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ANNEX Buenos Aires International In
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Refusal to hold consultations, or t
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confi rmation thirty days after the
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States Parties to the Treaty shall
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space law, UN document A/AC.105/C.2
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104 a potential direct threat to ma
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106 SPACE LAW: MANY PRINCIPLES, NO
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108 of government and corporate sta
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110 growth will be badly hurt if th
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112 and samples of residual materia
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114 outer space beyond the geostati
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116 Virgin Galactic had to obtain t
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118 air and space traffi c in the i
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120 aviation and space weather comm
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122 could play a role in lowering o
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124 In other word, space security i
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126 a second meeting of the informa
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128 ANNEX SPACE DEBRIS MITIGATION G
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130 Guideline 1: Limit debris relea
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132 that survives to reach the surf
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FROM SPACE DOMINANCE TO EQUITABLE R
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The United States has never conduct
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space for any purposes that the Uni
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provide adequate reassurance that n
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SESSION IV TREATIES AND AGREEMENTS:
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146 such weapons, if deployed in ou
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148 DEFINITIONS AND SCOPE OF A PPWT
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150 preamble—aims of a new treaty
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RUSSIAN-CHINESE SPACE-WEAPONS-BAN P
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this issue would ensure that a trea
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outer space is fundamentally import
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160 it is formed, what power it has
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162 ought to be illegal (or, ought
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164 two specifi c ASAT activities:
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166 CIL has always been an importan
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168 neutral space assets, even if t
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170 Despite that fi stful of treati
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172 in combat. Outer space is, of c
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SESSION V NEXT GENERATION, NEXT STE
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178 the ability to secure borders,
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180 and the Chinese in 2007 have le
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182 LIMITING ORBITAL DEBRIS FORMATI
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184 nations, an essential ingredien
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SPACE SECURITY AND SATELLITE APPLIC
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ROLE OF UNOSAT The initial idea of
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CANADA’S PERSPECTIVE ON SPACE SEC
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The draft treaty on the Prevention
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ACRONYMS ASAT anti-satellite weapon
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