Security in Space The Next Generation - UNIDIR

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94 Article 2: Scope of Application The instrument shall be applicable to space debris which causes or is likely to cause direct or indirect, instant or delayed damage to the environment, or to persons or objects. Article 3: The General Obligation to Cooperate 1. States and international organisations parties to this Instrument shall cooperate directly, and/or through the pertinent international organisations, to protect the environment and implement this instrument effectively. 2. States and international organisations parties to this Instrument shall take all appropriate measures to prevent, reduce, and control any damage or signifi cant risk arising from activities under their jurisdiction or control which are likely to produce debris. Article 4: Obligations to Prevent, Inform, Consult, and Negotiate in Good Faith States and international organisations parties to this Instrument have, in addition to the duties set forth in Article 3, the following obligations: (a) To cooperate in the prevention of damage to the environment and make every effort to avoid situations that may lead to disputes. (b) To cooperate, in accordance with their national laws and practices, in promoting the development and exchange of technology to prevent, reduce, and control space debris. (c) To encourage and facilitate the fl ow and exchange of information of a scientifi c, technical, economic, legal, and commercial nature relevant to this instrument. (d) To hold consultations when a State, group of States or international organisation parties to this instrument have reasons to believe that activities carried out under their jurisdiction or control, or planned to be carried out, produce space debris that is likely to cause damage to the environment, or to persons or objects, or signifi cant risk thereto. Any State or international organisation party to this Instrument may request to hold consultations when it has reasons to believe that the activity of another State or international organisation party to this Instrument produces space debris that is likely to cause damage to the environment.
Refusal to hold consultations, or the breaking up of such without justifi cation, shall be interpreted as bad faith. (e) To negotiate in good faith which means, inter alia, not only to hold consultations or talks but also to pursue them with a view of reaching a solution. (f) To give special attention, when promoting these activities, to the needs of developing countries. Article 5: Compatibility with Other Agreements The rules laid down in this Instrument shall not be considered incompatible with the provisions of other international agreements concerning activities in outer space. Article 6: Responsibility and Liability (general rule) The rules laid down in this Instrument concerning responsibility and liability apply to damage caused by space debris in the space environment and, in the absence of other international agreements on the matter, to damage caused to the earth environment. Article 7: International Responsibility The State or international organisation, party to this Instrument, that launches or procures the launching of a space object shall bear international responsibility for assuring that national activities are carried out in conformity with the provisions of this Instrument, the 1967 Space Treaty, and the 1972 Liability Convention. Article 8: International Liability Each State or international organisation party to this Instrument that launches or procures the launching of a space object is internationally liable for damage arising therefrom to another State, persons or objects, or international organisation party to this Instrument as a consequence of space debris produced by any such object. Article 9: Dispute Settlement 1. Disputes concerning the interpretation or application of this Instrument shall be subject to consultation at the request of any of the parties to the dispute with a view to reaching a prompt and amicable settlement. 95
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THE SIMONS FOUNDATION SECURE WORLD
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About the cover Cover photograph co
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CONTENTS Foreword .................
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FOREWORD Outer space is an essentia
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS UNIDIR would like
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xii on the editorial board of The B
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xiv Victor VASILIEV Victor Vasiliev
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CONFERENCE SUMMARY The conference
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Another threat that we need to addr
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humanitarian workers to reach the e
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The question was raised as to wheth
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For this reasons, TCBMs and a treat
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cases actors should engage in consu
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Following the presentations by the
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Could stated national policies, if
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the contrary. Rules in space became
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effects of space weather, and of co
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2 space activities, it has become c
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4 in Outer Space, the Threat or Use
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SPACE GENERATION ADVISORY COUNCIL A
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The fi rst issue is space debris. S
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avoid confl ict by prohibiting weap
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14 For its devastating power, the d
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16 papers elaborating our views on
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DOWN TO EARTH: A SOLUTION TO A GLOB
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for life on Mars could have a numbe
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Combining their expertise in mass s
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26 Perhaps the most widespread civi
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28 strengthen disaster preparedness
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30 solutions for human security, pe
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32 and other small particles. There
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NEXT GENERATION SPACE SECURITY CHAL
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This is a summary of all objects in
Page 67 and 68: Table 2. Worldwide space situationa
Page 69 and 70: was on par with one another at roug
Page 71 and 72: challenge to the international comm
Page 73 and 74: Notes 1 This research has been made
Page 75 and 76: NO HARMFUL INTERFERENCE WITH SPACE
Page 77 and 78: and the second Strategic Arms Reduc
Page 79 and 80: as well as terrestrial capabilities
Page 81 and 82: The Henry L. Stimson Center, in col
Page 83 and 84: The critics are right to recall tha
Page 85 and 86: forums. It could be negotiated by a
Page 87 and 88: precedent for non-interference with
Page 89 and 90: TRANSPARENCY AND CONFIDENCE-BUILDIN
Page 91 and 92: IADC’s terms of reference also pr
Page 93 and 94: actions. As these groups develop co
Page 95 and 96: TRANSPARENCY AND CONFIDENCE-BUILDIN
Page 97 and 98: In addition, strict compliance with
Page 99 and 100: in considering eventual confi dence
Page 101 and 102: The above-mentioned measures are no
Page 103 and 104: Notes 1 General Assembly, Special R
Page 105 and 106: SAFEGUARDING OUTER SPACE: ON THE RO
Page 107 and 108: mechanisms under permanent review,
Page 109 and 110: thereby and which may run counter t
Page 111 and 112: the discretion of that state—henc
Page 113 and 114: condition of “common agreement”
Page 115 and 116: Foundation, and Rebecca Johnson, di
Page 117: ANNEX Buenos Aires International In
Page 121 and 122: confi rmation thirty days after the
Page 123 and 124: States Parties to the Treaty shall
Page 125 and 126: space law, UN document A/AC.105/C.2
Page 127 and 128: 104 a potential direct threat to ma
Page 129 and 130: 106 SPACE LAW: MANY PRINCIPLES, NO
Page 131 and 132: 108 of government and corporate sta
Page 133 and 134: 110 growth will be badly hurt if th
Page 135 and 136: 112 and samples of residual materia
Page 137 and 138: 114 outer space beyond the geostati
Page 139 and 140: 116 Virgin Galactic had to obtain t
Page 141 and 142: 118 air and space traffi c in the i
Page 143 and 144: 120 aviation and space weather comm
Page 145 and 146: 122 could play a role in lowering o
Page 147 and 148: 124 In other word, space security i
Page 149 and 150: 126 a second meeting of the informa
Page 151 and 152: 128 ANNEX SPACE DEBRIS MITIGATION G
Page 153 and 154: 130 Guideline 1: Limit debris relea
Page 155 and 156: 132 that survives to reach the surf
Page 157 and 158: FROM SPACE DOMINANCE TO EQUITABLE R
Page 159 and 160: The United States has never conduct
Page 161 and 162: space for any purposes that the Uni
Page 163 and 164: provide adequate reassurance that n
Page 165 and 166: SESSION IV TREATIES AND AGREEMENTS:
Page 167 and 168: 146 such weapons, if deployed in ou
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148 DEFINITIONS AND SCOPE OF A PPWT
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150 preamble—aims of a new treaty
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RUSSIAN-CHINESE SPACE-WEAPONS-BAN P
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this issue would ensure that a trea
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outer space is fundamentally import
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160 it is formed, what power it has
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162 ought to be illegal (or, ought
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164 two specifi c ASAT activities:
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166 CIL has always been an importan
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168 neutral space assets, even if t
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170 Despite that fi stful of treati
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172 in combat. Outer space is, of c
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SESSION V NEXT GENERATION, NEXT STE
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178 the ability to secure borders,
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180 and the Chinese in 2007 have le
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182 LIMITING ORBITAL DEBRIS FORMATI
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184 nations, an essential ingredien
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SPACE SECURITY AND SATELLITE APPLIC
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ROLE OF UNOSAT The initial idea of
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CANADA’S PERSPECTIVE ON SPACE SEC
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The draft treaty on the Prevention
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ACRONYMS ASAT anti-satellite weapon
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